均匀带电直线外一点的场强

真空中有均匀带电直线，长为$L$，总电量为$q$。
线外有一点$P$，离开直线的垂直距离为$a$，$P$点和直线两端连线的夹角分别为${\theta }_1$和${\theta }_2$ 。求$P$点的场强。
（设电荷线密度为$\lambda$）
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取一电荷元：$dq=\lambda dx$
则
$$\mathbf{d}{E}_x=\frac{\lambda \mathbf{d}x}{4\pi {\epsilon }_o{r}^2}\cos \theta \text{\hspace{1em}(1)}$$
$$\mathbf{d}{E}_y=\frac{\lambda \mathbf{d}x}{4\pi {\epsilon }_o{r}^2}\sin \theta \text{\hspace{1em}(2)}$$

• 我们首先处理式子（1）：
  $$\begin{array}{rl}{E}_x& ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \mathbf{d}x}{4\pi {\epsilon }_o{r}^2}\cos \theta \\ & ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \cos \theta }{4\pi {\epsilon }_o{r}^2}\mathbf{d}\mathbf{x}\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(1.1)}$$
  其中$x=-\frac{a}{\tan \theta }$,$r=\frac{a}{sin\theta }$

则(1.1)可化为：
$$\begin{array}{rl}{E}_x& ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \cos \theta }{4\pi {\epsilon }_o{r}^2}\mathbf{d}\mathbf{x}\\ & ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \cos \theta }{4\pi {\epsilon }_0\frac{a^2}{{\sin }^2\theta }}\frac{a}{{\sin }^2\theta }d\theta \\ & ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \cos \theta }{4\pi {\epsilon }_{0}a}d\theta \\ & =\frac{\lambda }{4\pi {\epsilon }_{0}a}(\sin {\theta }_2-\sin {\theta }_1)\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(1.2)}$$

• 现在处理式子（2）：
  $$\begin{array}{rl}{E}_y& ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \mathbf{d}x}{4\pi {\epsilon }_o{r}^2}\sin \theta \\ & ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \sin \theta }{4\pi {\epsilon }_o{r}^2}\mathbf{d}\mathbf{x}\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(2.1)}$$
  其中$x=-\frac{a}{\tan \theta }$,$r=\frac{a}{sin\theta }$

则(1.1)可化为：
$$\begin{array}{rl}{E}_y& ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \sin \theta }{4\pi {\epsilon }_o{r}^2}\mathbf{d}\mathbf{x}\\ & ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \sin \theta }{4\pi {\epsilon }_0\frac{a^2}{{\sin }^2\theta }}\frac{a}{{\sin }^2\theta }d\theta \\ & ={\int }_{{\theta }_1}^{{\theta }_2}\frac{\lambda \sin \theta }{4\pi {\epsilon }_{0}a}d\theta \\ & =\frac{\lambda }{4\pi {\epsilon }_{0}a}(\cos {\theta }_1-\cos {\theta }_2)\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(2.2)}$$
特别的，当通电导线无限长时，${\theta }_1=0$,${\theta }_2=\pi$
$$\begin{array}{rl}{E}_x& =0\\ E_y& =\frac{\lambda }{2\pi {\epsilon }_{0}a}\end{array}$$