OpenGL第三章 基础渲染+基本图元

一、opengl着色器

有三种向opengl着色器传递渲染数据类型：

1.属性。

2.uniform值。

    在每个批次改变一次，而不是每个顶点改变一次。最常见的应用是在顶点渲染中设置变换矩阵。

    要对几何图形进行渲染，我们需要为对象递交属性矩阵，但首先要绑定到我们想使用的着色器程序，并提供程序的Uniform值。GLShaderManager类可以（暂时）完成这项工作。

       GLShaderManager::UseStockShader（GLenum shader，……）

       GLenum shader：（1）单位着色器

                                  （2）平面着色器

                                  （3）上色着色器

                                  （4）默认光源着色器（类似位于观察者位置的单漫射光所产生的效果）

                                （5）点光源着色器（需要4个uniform值：模型视图矩阵，投影矩阵，视点坐标系中的光源位置和对象            的基本色和将要使用的纹理单元）

                                  （6）纹理替换矩阵

                                  （7）纹理调整着色器

                                  （8）纹理光源着色器（5个uniform值：模型视图矩阵，投影矩阵，视点坐标系中的光源位置和几何图形            的基本漫反射颜色）

3.纹理。

二、坐标系——两种常见投影

    这些投影，实际上是一些4X4的变换矩阵。GLFrustum类作为投影矩阵的容器。

1.正投影。（2D绘图中使用。）

GLFrustum::SetOrthographic（）

2.透视投影。（近大远小）

GLFrustum::SetPerspective（）

三、将点连起来——opengl中的基本图元

七个：GL_POINT;点

GL_LINES;没对点相连

GL_LINE_STRIP;第一个顶点依次和后续顶点相连

GL_LINE_LOOP_GL_TRIANGLES;最后一个顶点和第一个顶点连接

GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP;每三个点连接定义一个三角形

GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP;共用一个条带上的顶点的一组三角形

GL_TRIANGLE_FAN；以一个圆心为中心呈扇形排列，共用相邻顶点

// Primitieves.cpp
// OpenGL SuperBible, Chapter 2
// Demonstrates the 7 Geometric Primitives
// Program by Richard S. Wright Jr.

#include <GLTools.h>	// OpenGL toolkit
#include <GLMatrixStack.h>
#include <GLFrame.h>
#include <GLFrustum.h>
#include <GLBatch.h>
#include <GLGeometryTransform.h>

#include <math.h>
#define FREEGLUT_STATIC
#include<gl/glew.h>
#include <gl/glut.h>


/
// An assortment of needed classes
GLShaderManager		shaderManager;
GLMatrixStack		modelViewMatrix;
GLMatrixStack		projectionMatrix;
GLFrame				cameraFrame;
GLFrame             objectFrame;
GLFrustum			viewFrustum;

GLBatch				pointBatch;
GLBatch				lineBatch;
GLBatch				lineStripBatch;
GLBatch				lineLoopBatch;
GLBatch				triangleBatch;
GLBatch             triangleStripBatch;
GLBatch             triangleFanBatch;

GLGeometryTransform	transformPipeline;
M3DMatrix44f		shadowMatrix;


GLfloat vGreen[] = { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
GLfloat vBlack[] = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };


// Keep track of effects step
int nStep = 0;


///
// This function does any needed initialization on the rendering context. 
// This is the first opportunity to do any OpenGL related tasks.
void SetupRC()
	{
    // Black background
    glClearColor(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f );

	shaderManager.InitializeStockShaders();

	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

	transformPipeline.SetMatrixStacks(modelViewMatrix, projectionMatrix);

	cameraFrame.MoveForward(-15.0f);
    
    //
    // Some points, more or less in the shape of Florida
    GLfloat vCoast[24][3] = {{2.80, 1.20, 0.0 }, {2.0,  1.20, 0.0 },
                            {2.0,  1.08, 0.0 },  {2.0,  1.08, 0.0 },
                            {0.0,  0.80, 0.0 },  {-.32, 0.40, 0.0 },
                            {-.48, 0.2, 0.0 },   {-.40, 0.0, 0.0 },
                            {-.60, -.40, 0.0 },  {-.80, -.80, 0.0 },
                            {-.80, -1.4, 0.0 },  {-.40, -1.60, 0.0 },
                            {0.0, -1.20, 0.0 },  { .2, -.80, 0.0 },
                            {.48, -.40, 0.0 },   {.52, -.20, 0.0 },
                            {.48,  .20, 0.0 },   {.80,  .40, 0.0 },
                            {1.20, .80, 0.0 },   {1.60, .60, 0.0 },
                            {2.0, .60, 0.0 },    {2.2, .80, 0.0 },
                            {2.40, 1.0, 0.0 },   {2.80, 1.0, 0.0 }};
    
    // Load point batch
    pointBatch.Begin(GL_POINTS, 24);
    pointBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vCoast);
    pointBatch.End();
    
    // Load as a bunch of line segments
    lineBatch.Begin(GL_LINES, 24);
    lineBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vCoast);
    lineBatch.End();
    
    // Load as a single line segment
    lineStripBatch.Begin(GL_LINE_STRIP, 24);
    lineStripBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vCoast);
    lineStripBatch.End();
    
    // Single line, connect first and last points
    lineLoopBatch.Begin(GL_LINE_LOOP, 24);
    lineLoopBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vCoast);
    lineLoopBatch.End();
    
    // For Triangles, we'll make a Pyramid
    GLfloat vPyramid[12][3] = { -2.0f, 0.0f, -2.0f, 
                                2.0f, 0.0f, -2.0f, 
                                0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f,
                                
                                2.0f, 0.0f, -2.0f,
                                2.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
                                0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f,
                                
                                2.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
                                -2.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
                                0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f,
                                
                                -2.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
                                -2.0f, 0.0f, -2.0f,
                                 0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f};
    
    triangleBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLES, 12);
    triangleBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vPyramid);
    triangleBatch.End();
    

    // For a Triangle fan, just a 6 sided hex. Raise the center up a bit
    GLfloat vPoints[100][3];    // Scratch array, more than we need
    int nVerts = 0;
    GLfloat r = 3.0f;
    vPoints[nVerts][0] = 0.0f;
    vPoints[nVerts][1] = 0.0f;
    vPoints[nVerts][2] = 0.0f;

    for(GLfloat angle = 0; angle < M3D_2PI; angle += M3D_2PI / 6.0f) {
        nVerts++;
        vPoints[nVerts][0] = float(cos(angle)) * r;
        vPoints[nVerts][1] = float(sin(angle)) * r;
        vPoints[nVerts][2] = -0.5f;
        }

    // Close the fan
    nVerts++;
    vPoints[nVerts][0] = r;
    vPoints[nVerts][1] = 0;
    vPoints[nVerts][2] = 0.0f;
        
    // Load it up
    triangleFanBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 8);
    triangleFanBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vPoints);
    triangleFanBatch.End();     
        
    // For triangle strips, a little ring or cylinder segment
    int iCounter = 0;
    GLfloat radius = 3.0f;
    for(GLfloat angle = 0.0f; angle <= (2.0f*M3D_PI); angle += 0.3f)
		{
        GLfloat x = radius * sin(angle);
        GLfloat y = radius * cos(angle);
            
        // Specify the point and move the Z value up a little	
        vPoints[iCounter][0] = x;
        vPoints[iCounter][1] = y;
        vPoints[iCounter][2] = -0.5;
        iCounter++;

        vPoints[iCounter][0] = x;
        vPoints[iCounter][1] = y;
        vPoints[iCounter][2] = 0.5;
        iCounter++;            
		}

    // Close up the loop
    vPoints[iCounter][0] = vPoints[0][0];
    vPoints[iCounter][1] = vPoints[0][1];
    vPoints[iCounter][2] = -0.5;
    iCounter++;
    
    vPoints[iCounter][0] = vPoints[1][0];
    vPoints[iCounter][1] = vPoints[1][1];
    vPoints[iCounter][2] = 0.5;
    iCounter++;            
        
    // Load the triangle strip
    triangleStripBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, iCounter);
    triangleStripBatch.CopyVertexData3f(vPoints);
    triangleStripBatch.End();    
    }


/
void DrawWireFramedBatch(GLBatch* pBatch)
    {
    // Draw the batch solid green
    shaderManager.UseStockShader(GLT_SHADER_FLAT, transformPipeline.GetModelViewProjectionMatrix(), vGreen);
    pBatch->Draw();
    
    // Draw black outline
    glPolygonOffset(-1.0f, -1.0f);      // Shift depth values
    glEnable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_LINE);

    // Draw lines antialiased
    glEnable(GL_LINE_SMOOTH);
    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
    
    // Draw black wireframe version of geometry
    glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
    glLineWidth(2.5f);
    shaderManager.UseStockShader(GLT_SHADER_FLAT, transformPipeline.GetModelViewProjectionMatrix(), vBlack);
    pBatch->Draw();
    
    // Put everything back the way we found it
    glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);
    glDisable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_LINE);
    glLineWidth(1.0f);
    glDisable(GL_BLEND);
    glDisable(GL_LINE_SMOOTH);
    }


///
// Called to draw scene
void RenderScene(void)
	{    
	// Clear the window with current clearing color
	glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT);

	modelViewMatrix.PushMatrix();
		M3DMatrix44f mCamera;
		cameraFrame.GetCameraMatrix(mCamera);
		modelViewMatrix.MultMatrix(mCamera);

        M3DMatrix44f mObjectFrame;
        objectFrame.GetMatrix(mObjectFrame);
        modelViewMatrix.MultMatrix(mObjectFrame);

        shaderManager.UseStockShader(GLT_SHADER_FLAT, transformPipeline.GetModelViewProjectionMatrix(), vBlack);

        switch(nStep) {
            case 0:
                glPointSize(4.0f);
                pointBatch.Draw();
                glPointSize(1.0f);
                break;
            case 1:
                glLineWidth(2.0f);
                lineBatch.Draw();
                glLineWidth(1.0f);
                break;
            case 2:
                glLineWidth(2.0f);
                lineStripBatch.Draw();
                glLineWidth(1.0f);
                break;
            case 3:
                glLineWidth(2.0f);
                lineLoopBatch.Draw();
                glLineWidth(1.0f);
                break;
            case 4:
                DrawWireFramedBatch(&triangleBatch);
                break;
            case 5:
                DrawWireFramedBatch(&triangleStripBatch);
                break;
            case 6:
                DrawWireFramedBatch(&triangleFanBatch);
                break;
            }
		
	modelViewMatrix.PopMatrix();

	// Flush drawing commands
	glutSwapBuffers();
    }


// Respond to arrow keys by moving the camera frame of reference
void SpecialKeys(int key, int x, int y)
    {
	if(key == GLUT_KEY_UP)
		objectFrame.RotateWorld(m3dDegToRad(-5.0f), 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    
	if(key == GLUT_KEY_DOWN)
		objectFrame.RotateWorld(m3dDegToRad(5.0f), 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
	
	if(key == GLUT_KEY_LEFT)
		objectFrame.RotateWorld(m3dDegToRad(-5.0f), 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    
	if(key == GLUT_KEY_RIGHT)
		objectFrame.RotateWorld(m3dDegToRad(5.0f), 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
    
	glutPostRedisplay();
    }




///
// A normal ASCII key has been pressed.
// In this case, advance the scene when the space bar is pressed
void KeyPressFunc(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
	{
	if(key == 32)
		{
		nStep++;

		if(nStep > 6)
			nStep = 0;
		}
        
    switch(nStep)
        {
        case 0: 
            glutSetWindowTitle("GL_POINTS");
            break;
        case 1:
            glutSetWindowTitle("GL_LINES");
            break;
        case 2:
            glutSetWindowTitle("GL_LINE_STRIP");
            break;
        case 3:
            glutSetWindowTitle("GL_LINE_LOOP");
            break;
        case 4:
            glutSetWindowTitle("GL_TRIANGLES");
            break;
        case 5:
            glutSetWindowTitle("GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP");
            break;
        case 6:
            glutSetWindowTitle("GL_TRIANGLE_FAN");
            break;
        }
                
    glutPostRedisplay();
	}

///
// Window has changed size, or has just been created. In either case, we need
// to use the window dimensions to set the viewport and the projection matrix.
void ChangeSize(int w, int h)
	{
	glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
	viewFrustum.SetPerspective(35.0f, float(w) / float(h), 1.0f, 500.0f);
	projectionMatrix.LoadMatrix(viewFrustum.GetProjectionMatrix());
	modelViewMatrix.LoadIdentity();
	}

///
// Main entry point for GLUT based programs
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
	{
	gltSetWorkingDirectory(argv[0]);
	
	glutInit(&argc, argv);
	glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_STENCIL);
	glutInitWindowSize(800, 600);
	glutCreateWindow("GL_POINTS");
    glutReshapeFunc(ChangeSize);
    glutKeyboardFunc(KeyPressFunc);
    glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
    glutDisplayFunc(RenderScene);
        
	GLenum err = glewInit();
	if (GLEW_OK != err) {
		fprintf(stderr, "GLEW Error: %s\n", glewGetErrorString(err));
		return 1;
		}
	

	SetupRC();

	glutMainLoop();
	return 0;
	}

1、GLFrame 参考这篇博文：https://blog.csdn.net/fyyyr/article/details/79298664。大概GLFrame叫参考帧，其中存储了1个世界坐标点和2个世界坐标下的方向向量，也就是9个glFloat值，分别用来表示：当前位置点，向前方向向量，向上方向向量。

2、然后代码定义一系列的GLBatch，分别用来渲染不同的形状。

3、void DrawWireFramedBatch(GLBatch* pBatch) 为不同的图形pBatch画线框。

大概就是，如果没有这个函数，花了很多三角，涂色后看不出三角的形状。