英语:十四、名词性从句

1、名词性从句的概述

(1)名词性从句的分类

根据名词性从句在句子中充当的成分来分,可以分为四种。

主语从句 在句子中充当主语的从句

宾语从句 在句子中充当动词或介词宾语的从句

表语从句 在句子中充当系动词表语的从句

同位语从句 在句子中修饰某一名词的从句,一般位于该名词的后面,解释说明该名词的具体内容

What she wants to buy is still unclear.

她想买什么还是不清楚。(主语从句)

We don’t know who will win the game.

我们并不知道谁会赢得比赛。(宾语从句)

The truth is that he can’t stand it any more.

事实是,他没有办法再忍受了。(表语从句)

I have no idea how to solve this problem.

我不知道该怎么解决这个问题。(同位语从句)

(2)名词性从句的连接词

引导词:

连接代词 what, which, who, whom, whose, how many, how much, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever

连接副词 where, when, how, why, wherever, whenever, however

从属连词 that, whether, if, as if, as though

2、主语从句

(1)主语从句引导词的基本用法

主语从句的引导词一般有从属连词、连接代词、连接副词等。

a、从属连词that引导主语从句

that引导主语从句时,不充当句子的成分、没有任何含义。它在从句中只起连接作用,在主语从句中不能省略。

That he won the medal surprised us.

他获得奖牌使我们都很吃惊。

It is certain that she will pass the exam.

她能通过考试是必然的。

b、从属连词whether和if引导主语从句

引导词

用法

例句

whether

表示“是否”,均起连接作用,在从句中不作成分,不可省略。

whether引导的主语从句放在句首和句尾均可

Whether he would support me was uncertain.

他是否支持我还不确定。

if

if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾,并且前面需用it作形式主语

It is uncertain if he will succeed.

他能否成功还不确定。

c、连接代词引导主语从句

由连接代词which, what, who, whom, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导主语从句时,连接代词在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语或定语,起名词作用,担当一定成分,不可省略。

Which one is our teacher is unknown.

哪一位是我们的老师还不知道。

I don’t know who will come with me.

我不知道谁将跟我一起去。

d、连接副词引导主语从句

由连接副词where, when, why, how, wherever, whenever, however等连接主语从句时,连接副词在从句中可作时间、地点、原因、方式状语等。

When and where the memorial will be built has not been decided.

什么时间、什么地点建这座纪念馆还没有定。

Why she felt so angry is not known.

她为什么如此生气原因不明。

(2)it作形式主语的结构

it作形式主语通常是为了保持句子平衡,这时,将真正的主语从句移至句末。it作形式主语的主语从句具体有三种情况。

a、当主语从句有that引导时

主语从句有that引导。常见的有下面几种句型:

It is/was+名词(a pity, a shame, a fact等)+that从句。

It is/was+形容词(important, vital, unfair等)+that从句。

It is/was+过去分词(said, reported, expected等)+that从句。

It 不及物动词或短语(appear, happen, doesn’t matter等)+that从句。

It is a pity that he didn’t come with me.

他没跟我一起来真可惜。

It was unfair that he wasn’t employed.

他没被录用真是不公平。

It is said that 13 is unluckly number.

据说十三是一个不吉利的数字。

It appears that she is older than she really is.

她看起来比实际年龄要大。

b、当主语从句由连接代词和连接副词引导时

连接代词和连接副词引导主语从句时,既可以使用形式主语it引导,也可直接在句首使用主语从句。

Whether Jane will come to the office today is still unknown.

=It is still unknown whether Jane will come to the office today.

简今天是否来办公室还是未知数。

c、当句子是疑问句时

当句子是疑问句时,则必须使用形式主语it引导。

Is it possible that he took the book?

有没有可能是他拿走了书?

(3)主语从句的注意事项

a、主语从句用陈述语序,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

Whether he will come depends on you.

他来不来取决于你。

b、what引导的句子作主语时,谓语动词的数由句子的内容决定(即由表语决定)。

What I want is money.

我想要的是钱。

What we need are good books.

我们需要的是好的书。

3、宾语从句

(1)宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句语序。在任何情况下,宾语从句的语序都为:引导词+主语+谓语+其他成分。

Do you know who Mary is speaking to?

你知道玛丽在跟谁说话吗?

(2)宾语从句引导词的基本用法

宾语从句的引导词一般有从属连词、连接代词、连接副词等。

a、that引导宾语从句

如果宾语从句是由陈述句变化而来的,则用that引导,that在从句中不充当成分,没有具体意义,所以在口语及非正式文体中常省略。

“I’m doing my homework,” she said.

She said (that) she was doing her homework.

她说她当时正在写作业。

b、连接代词和连接副词引导宾语从句

如果宾语从句是由特殊疑问句转化而来的,则由连接代词和连接副词引导。引导词在句中充当成分,有具体意义,因此不能省略。

Could you tell me? Where can I find a bank?

Could you tell me Where I can find a bank?

你能告诉我在哪能找到银行吗?

连接代词在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

I wonder who will give us a lecture.

我想知道谁会来给我们做讲座。(作主语)

You can take whatever you like.

你可以拿你喜欢的任何东西。(作宾语)

We all want to know whom he is.

我们都想知道他是谁。(作表语)

The teacher asked whose dictionary that was.

老师借的那本字典是谁的。(作定语)

连接副词在从句中作时间、地点、原因、方式状语等。

Do you know where she bought the car?

你知道她在哪买的那辆车吗?(地点状语)

I hate it when some people talk with their mouth full of food.

我讨厌有些人说话时满嘴食物。(时间状语)

Do you remember how she found her way?

你记得她是怎样找到路的吗?(方式状语)

c、whether和if引导宾语从句

如果宾语从句是由一般疑问句转化而来的,则由从属连词whether和if引导。whether和if在从句表示“是否”,不充分句子成分。

Does anyone know? Will she really come here?

Does anyone hnow whether/if she will really come here?

有人知道她是否真的来这吗?

通常情况下,whether和if可以互换使用,但是下面几种情况下,whether和if有区别。

情况

例句

只用whether

宾语从句在句首

Whether this is right or not, we can’t say.

我们不能说这是对的还是错的。

宾语从句在介词后面

I’m concerned about whether he is OK now.

我担心他现在有没有好。

构成whether…or not结构

Do you know whether he will go or not?

你知道他会不会去吗?

在不定式之前

I’m asking her whether to go shopping with me.

我在问她是否和我一起去购物。

使用if会引起歧义时

Let him know whether you will go.

让他知道你是不是会去。

(如果用if,也可以理解为“如果你会去,就告诉他。”)

只用if

引导条件状语从句,意为“如果”

We will go on a picnic if it is sunny.

如果天晴,我们将会去野炊。

引导否定概念的宾语从句

I ask if she won’t go to school tomorrow.

我问她明天是否不去学校了。

构成even if和as if时

She talks as if she knows everything.

她说得就像她知道一切一样。

(3)宾语从句的时态和语序

主句

从句

现在时态

根据实际情况,可使用任何时态

过去时态

只能使用过去范畴的时态

I hear that he will be home in two days.

我听说他两天后到家。(主句现在时态,宾语从句根据情况使用一般将来时)

I heard that she had finished her paper already.

我听说她已经完成了她的论文。(主句用是一般过去时,宾语从句使用过去的时态)

(4)宾语从句中不能省略that的情况

在口语及非正式文体中常省略宾语从句,但在下列情况中,不能省略that。

a、句中有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,紧跟动词的宾语从句可以省去that,其余的一般都不能省去。

He said (that) the concert was excellent and that he wanted to listen to it once more.

他说音乐会非常棒,他还想再去听一次。

b、有插入语在主句和从句之间时,宾语从句前的that不能省去。

We find, on the contrary, that he doesn’t like this gift.

恰恰相反,我们发现他并不喜欢这个礼物。

c、宾语从句紧接在间接宾语后时,that一般不省去。

My teacher often reminds me that I should pay enough attention to listening and writing.

我的老师常提醒我应该充分重视听力和写作。

d、it作形式宾语,宾补之后引导宾语从句的that一般不省去。

We all believed it true that Mr. Smith was elected chairman of the club.

我们都相信史密斯先生当选为俱乐部主席的消息是真的。

e、介词except, but, in等后的宾语从句不能省去that。

Her dress is well designed except that the color is a bit dull.

除了颜色有点暗,她的裙子样式非常好。

(5)宾语从句的注意事项

a、宾语从句跟在介词后面时

通常,介词后面只接wh-类引导的宾从,但介词except, but, besides等后面也可以接that。that引导的宾语从句如果想跟在其他介词之后,需用it作形式宾语,that从句后置。

You may depend on it that we shall always offer our customers the best service.

请您相信,我们会一直为我们的顾客提供最优质的服务。

b、宾语从句跟在形容词后面时

形容词sure, certain, afraid, glad, pleased, happy, surprised, satisfied, sorry等后面也可以带宾语从句。

I’m afraid that they may not agree with such a plan.

我怕他们不同意这样一个计划。

His parents are both pleased that he has once again overcome the difficulty.

他的父母都很高兴,因为他再次战胜了困难。

c、宾语从句的否定转移

当think, believe, consider, expect, imagine, suppose, fancy, guess等作主句的谓语动词,且主语是一般现在时的第一人称时,则宾语从句的否定一般放在主句。

若是反义疑问句,则其时态和主语一般与从句保持一致,为肯定形式。

I don’t believe (that) she will give up.

我认为她不会放弃。

You don’t suppose that it’s his fault, is it?

你认为这不是他的过错,是不是?

d、宾语从句的虚拟语气

在ask, suggest, insist, demand, advise, order, command, require, request等动词后面,宾语从句一般为虚拟语气,即谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。

He insists that she (should) come along with him.

他执意要她跟他一起来。

The doctor suggested that he (should) not smoke any more.

医生建议他不能再抽烟了。

(6)直接引语变为间接引语

a、人称的变化

直接引语变为间接引语时,可以参照“一随主、二随宾、第三人称不变化”的规律。

规律

说明

例句

一随主

直接引语中的第一人称在变为间接引语时应与主句主语的人称保持一致

He said, “I will go to school by bike.”

He said that he would go to school by bike.

他说他将骑自行车去学校。

二随宾

直接引语中的第二人称的主语和宾语在变为间接引语时应与主句宾语保持一致;若主句没有宾语,可用第一人称

He said to Tom, “You must study hard.”

He said to Tom that he must study hard.

他叫汤姆要努力学习。

第三人称不变化

直接引语中的第三人称的主语和宾语在变为间接引语时不需要变化

Tom said, “He is a good teacher.”

Tom said that he was a teacher.

汤姆说他是个好老师。

b、时态的变化

主句谓语动词若为现在时态或一般将来时,直接引语变间接引语时,间接引语中时态保持不变。

She often says, “Men and women are equal.”

She often says that men and women are equal.

她经常说男人和女人是平等的。

主句谓语动词若为一般过去时,直接引语变间接引语时,时态要作相应的变化。

直接引语时态

间接引语时态

例句

一般现在时

一般过去时

She said, “I am very happy.”

She said that she was very happy.

她说她非常开心。

现在进行时

过去进行时

He said, “I am playing football.”

He said that he was playing football.

他说他在踢足球。

现在完成时

过去完成时

She said, “I have not heard from my friend since July.”

She said that she had not heard from her friend since July.

她说她从七月份开始就没听到她朋友的消息了。

一般过去时

过去完成时

She said, “I told him the story.”

She said that she had told him the story.

她说她给他讲了个故事。

过去完成时

过去完成时

He said, “I had finished my homework.”

He said that he had finished his homework.

他说他已经完成了作业。

过去进行时

过去进行时

She said, “I was reading then.”

She said that she was reading then.

她说她在阅读。

一般将来时

过去将来时

He said, “I will go to see my friend.”

He said that he would go to see his friend.

他说他要去看他朋友。

有些情况,时态一般无需变化。

时态无需变化的情况

直接引语是客观事实或真理时。

直接引语是一种反复出现或习惯性的动作时。

直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语时。

直接引语是名人名言或谚语时。

直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效时。

Our teacher said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”

Our teacher said that light travels much faster than sound.

老师说光的速度比声音快。

My brother said, “I graduated in 2014.”

My brother said that he graduated in 2014.

我哥哥说他毕业于2014年。

She said, “I go to school by bike every day.”

She said that she goes to school by bike every day.

她说她每天骑自行车上学。

He said, “I am a teacher.”

He said that he is a teacher.

他说他是一名老师。

c、句型的变化

直接引语为陈述句时,变为间接引语,应改为that引导的宾语从句,that在口语中可以省略。主句的引述动词主要有say, tell, repeat, explain, think等。

She said, “I don’t like playing games.”

She said that she didn’t like playing games.

她说她不喜欢玩游戏。

直接引语为疑问句时,变为间接引语如下。

直接引语

间接引语

例句

一般疑问句或反义疑问句

由whether或if引导宾语从句

He said, “Can I go there by bus?”

He asked if he could go there by bus.

他问他是否能坐公交车去那里。

选择疑问句

whether…or…句型

She asked, “Will you go with me or stay at home?”

She asked whether I went with her or stayed at home.

她问我是跟她一起去还是待在家。

特殊疑问句

由原疑问词引导宾语从句

He asks, “Where are you from?”

He asks me where I am from.

他问我来自哪里。

直接引语为祈使句时,变为间接引语,应根据句子意思,改为:tell/order/ask/beg/warn/advise…sb. (not) to do sth.。

My mother said, “Don’t watch TV!”

My mother warned me not to watch TV.

我妈妈警告我不要看电视。

直接引语为感叹句时,变为间接引语,可以由what或how引导,也可以由that引导。

He said, “What a beautiful girl she is!”

He said what a beautiful girl she was.

He said that she was a beautiful girl.

他说她是一位美丽的女孩。

d、其他变化

直接引语在变为间接引语时,一些动词、时间状语、地点状语、指示代词也会发生相应的变化。

直接引语

间接引语

动词

bring

take

come

go

时间状语

next week/month/year…

the next week/month/year…

last week/month/year…

the week/month/year…before

ago

before

now

then

today/tonight

that day/that night

yesterday

the day before

tomorrow

the next/following day

地点状语

here

there

指示代词

this

that

these

those

4、表语从句

(1)表语从句引导词的基本用法

表语从句的引导词有从属连词、连接代词及连接副词。

a、that引导表语从句

that引导表语从句不充当句子成分、没有具体意义。

My suggestion is that you should take a break.

我的建议是,你应该休息一下。

b、what引导表语从句

what表示“什么、什么样子、所……的(人或事)”,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。

Those are what you can do during the holiday.

那些就是你在假期能做的事情。

c、who引导表语从句

who表示“谁”,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。

The proplem is who can help us.

问题是谁能帮助我们。

d、which引导表语从句

which表示“其中哪一个”,在从句中充当定语、表语。

What I don’t know is which one you like best.

我不知道你最喜欢哪一个。

e、as if和as though引导表语从句

as if以及as though意为“好像”,引导表语从句时,句中的系动词常用look, appear, seem等。

It looks as if the problem has been solved.

看起来问题已经解决了。

f、whether引导表语从句

whether可以引导表语从句,if不能引导。whether在表语从句中表示“是否”,不充当句子的成分。

The question is whether they will be able to help us.

问题是他们是否能帮我们。

g、because引导表语从句

because引导表语从句时只能用于It/That/This is/was because…句型中,意为“这是因为……”。That is why是常用句型,意为“这就是……的原因”,但若主句中有reason时,表语从句不能用why引导,只能用that引导。

That’s because you are not a boy.

那是因为你不是一个男孩。

The reason is that I can’t stand him any more.

那是因为我不能再忍受他了。

(2)表语从句的注意事项

a、表语从句的语序为陈述句语序。

That is where did they separate.(×)

That is where they separated.(√)

那就是他们分开的地方。

b、通常that在引导表语从句时不能省略,但在口语中有时可以省略;除that外,其他引导词均有自己的含义;除that和whether外,其他引导词都在句子中充当成分。

That’s why your mother is so angry.

这就是为什么你妈妈那么生气。(why在句中既有自己的含义,又作成分)

c、若主句的主语是advice, idea, order, request, suggestion, requirement等表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词时,表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用“should+动词原形”。

His order is that I should finish the documents before tomorrow night.

他的命令是我要在明晚之前将文件做完。

5、同位语从句

(1)同位语从句连接词的基本用法

同位语从句一般由从属连词、连接代词、连接副词等引导。

常见的可以跟同位语从句的词

news消息                    idea想法                     fact事实

promise诺言               question问题               doubt怀疑

thought想法               hope希望                    message信息

suggestion建议           word消息                    possibility可能性

a、that引导同位语从句

用以引导同位语从句的最常见的是that。此时从句意义完整,that不充当任何成分,只起连接作用,不可省略。

We heard the news that they had won the game.

我们听到消息说他们赢得了比赛。

b、whether引导同位语从句

whether引导同位语从句,表示“是否”;if不能引导同位语从句。

The problem whether the message is true hasn’t been proved.

消息是否是真的这个问题还没有被证实。

c、what, who, which引导同位语从句

what, who, which引导同位语从句,在从句中可作主语、宾语或定语。

Do you have any idea which one is better?

你知道哪一个更好吗?

d、why, how, when, where引导同位语从句

why, how, when, where引导同位语从句,在从句中可作方式、时间、地点、原因状语。

I have no idea why they come back.

我不知道他们为什么回来。

(2)同位语从句的注意事项

a、通常,同位语从句都在名词之后,但有时也可以不紧跟名词,而被其他的词隔开。

The thought came to me that maybe he had left.

我突然想起来,他可能已经离开了。

b、先行词是advice, idea, order, suggestion, demand, request, proposal等名词时,从句用虚拟语气,即:should+动词原形,should可以省略。

We are faced with the demand that we should move out before next week.

我们面对着下周之前搬出去的要求。

(3)同位语从句与定语从句的区别

同位语从句与定语从句很相似,两者都是在名词或者代词后面。但是两者也有区别。

区别

同位语从句

定语从句

被修饰词语不同

所修饰的名词大都是抽象名词

所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的

引导词不同

主要由连接词that引导,有时也可用when, where, who, whether等引导

由关系代词或关系副词引导

引导词that的功能不同

引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成分

引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除起连接作用外,还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等

逻辑关系不同

与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明前面名词的内容

与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况

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