讨论内积与外积之前,首先定义两个基本列向量:
u = [ u 1 u 2 u 3 ] , v = [ v 1 v 2 v 3 ] \mathbf{u} = \left[ \begin{matrix} u_1 \\ u_2 \\ u_3 \end{matrix} \right] ,\quad \mathbf{v} = \left[ \begin{matrix} v_1 \\ v_2 \\ v_3 \end{matrix} \right] u=⎣⎡u1u2u3⎦⎤,v=⎣⎡v1v2v3⎦⎤
- Inner product 内积
u T v = [ u 1 , u 2 , u 3 ] [ v 1 v 2 v 3 ] = u 1 v 1 + u 2 v 2 + u 3 v 3 \mathbf{u}^T\mathbf{v} =\left[ \begin{matrix} u_1, u_2, u_3 \end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{matrix} v_1 \\ v_2 \\ v_3 \end{matrix} \right] =u_1v_1+u_2v_2+u_3v_3 uTv=[u1,u2,u3]⎣⎡v1v2v3⎦⎤=u1v1+u2v2+u3v3
内积与范数紧密相关。
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- 向量外积
u v T = [ u 1 u 2 u 3 ] [ v 1 , v 2 , v 3 ] = [ u 1 v 1 u 1 v 2 u 1 v 3 u 2 v 1 u 2 v 2 u 2 v 3 u 3 v 1 u 3 v 2 u 3 v 3 ] \mathbf{u}\mathbf{v}^T =\left[ \begin{matrix} u_1\\ u_2\\u_3 \end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{matrix} v_1,v_2,v_3 \end{matrix} \right] =\left[ \begin{matrix} u_1v_1 & u_1v_2 & u_1v_3 \\ u_2v_1 & u_2v_2 & u_2v_3 \\ u_3v_1 & u_3v_2 & u_3v_3 \end{matrix} \right] uvT=⎣⎡u1u2u3⎦⎤[v1,v2,v3]=⎣⎡