语法 | 01 定语从句

定语从句的基本知识

先行词 and 关系词

定语从句的位置 只能放在它修饰的词后面，被修饰的词叫做先行词。

Tom，who is 17, is my classmate.

Tom 先行词
who 关系词

先行词只能是名词 或者 代词。

That’s all that I have told him.
That’s what I have told him.

前一句是定语从句 ，先行词是all ，关系词是that
后一句是表语从句，由what引导，没有先行词。

关系代词 and 关系副词

关系词可以分为关系代词 和 关系副词。
关系代词:

• who
• which
• that
• whose
• as

关系副词：

• when
• where
• why

Attention please: what不能引导定语从句，只能引导名词性从句。

限定 and 非限定

限定 ： 去掉定语，语义模糊，对先行词进行限定、修饰。
非限定：对先行词进行补充、说明。

逗号，是非限定性定语从句的标志。

The old man has a son, who is in the army. //只有一个儿子，且在参军
The old man has a son who is in the army. //有一个儿子在参军。

He said nothing that made her angry // 他没有说使她生气的话
He said nothing, which made her angry. // 他什么也没有说，这让她很生气。

从句的特征

从句会缺少成分，需要先行词来充当。

The man who is talking is Mary’s father.

分析定语从句时的步骤

1. 先确定先行词，一定有先行词，并且只能由名词或者代词来充当。
2. 判断从句的起止。
3. 判断先行词在从句中从当什么成分。
   加介词才能还原 → 状语

分析时 主句和从句要分开看，不能互相影响。

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关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词 在从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语（whose，which）。

The girl who/that si standing at the gate is an English teacher.

who或者that 作定语从句的主语，表人。

The girl whom/who/that Peter is talking to is a teacher

关系词作宾语

The girl to whom Peter is talking is a teacher.

介词前置，此时关系词只能用宾格，who和that都不能再用了。

The book whose cover is missing is very funny.
= The book , the cover of which is missing, is very funny.

不可分割的一部分，指物时，用of which来代替。

which 的特殊用法

which指代前面整个句子，作为从句的主语。

He was late for school again, which made the teacher very angry.

which 作定语

He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.

which与不定时连用，构成定语短语

She had a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother.

介词+关系代词

This is the room in which i live.
=This is the room which i live in.

He told me the tickets are hard to buy, in which case you’d better buy right now.

which 作case 的定语。

固定短语中介词不能提前，比如： care for , call on, put off, listen to, look for, look after等。
如果拆开，就不能保留原有的意思了。

【未完待续…… 】