几种误差的定义

几种误差
误差来源分：系统误差/固定误差、随机误差/可变误差、毛误差
误差统计分：绝对误差、相对误差

系统误差 systematic error =< 固定误差 constant error / fixed error
a constant error – also known as a systematic error – is a source of error that causes measurements to deviate consistently from their true value. Constant errors cause the same amount of deviation in one direction only.
导致测量结果往某个固定方向产生相同幅度的偏差。
特点：不变性、隐秘性、重复不可消除
Constant errors are difficult to identify because they remain unchanged – provided, of course, that experimental conditions and instrumentation remain unchanged – regardless of how many times you repeat an experiment. Furthermore, although constant errors introduce a constant bias into the mean or median of experimental data, no statistical analysis of the data can detect a constant error.
Constant error
When the results of a series of observations are in error be the same amount, the error is said to be a constant error. Systematic error due to faulty apparatus causes a constant error.
Systematic error
The error caused due to imperfect measurement technique, defective or imperfect apparatus or some personal reasons is called systematic error.

参考链接1： https://sciencing.com/difference-between-systematic-random-errors-8254711.html
参考链接2：https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/physics/errors-and-their-types/9495/

固有误差，指"在参考条件下确定的测量仪器的误差"(7.24条)。
固有误差通常也可称为基本误差，它是指测量仪器在参考条件下所确定的测量仪器本身所具有的误差。主要来源于测量仪器自身的缺陷。固有误差的大小直接反映了该测量仪器的准确度。一般固有误差都是对示值误差而言，因此固有误差是测量仪器划分准确度的重要依据。
固有误差是相对于附加误差而言的。附加误差就是测量仪器在非标准条件下所增加的误差。额定操作条件、极限条件等都属于非标准条件。

测量的误差来源可以分为系统误差（又称可定误差）、随机误差（又称未定误差）和毛误差（Gross error，又称过失误差）。
恒定系统偏差
可变系统偏差
参考：系统偏差–百度百科

随机误差 random error = 偶然误差 accident error
random errors, which causes measurements to deviate by varying amounts – either higher or lower than their true values.
An error in measurement caused by factors which vary from one measurement to another is called random error.
统计学上服从正态分布。

可变误差 variable error
the variability of a subject’s estimates of an objective magnitude measured by their average deviation.

绝对误差 absolute error = 某值与参考值（如 均值）的差值 =测量值-真值
The magnitude of the difference between the most probable value (Mean) and the individual measurement is called the absolute error of the measurement.
The arithmetic mean of the all the absolute errors is called as the final absoluate error.
Final absolute error = Sum of all absolute error / Total number of absolute errors.

相对误差 relative error =某值与参考值的差值 与该参考值的比值 = 绝对误差与真值的百分比
The ratio of the absolute error in the measurement of a quantity with the most probable value is called as a relative error.
Relative error = Final absolute error / Most probable value.

If relative error is multiplied by 100, the value obtained is called a percentage relative error.
Percentage relative error = Relative error *100.

标称误差 =(最大的绝对误差)/量程 x 100%
偏差是指"一个值减去其参考值"。对于实物量具而言，偏差就是实物量具的实际值对于标称值偏离的程度，即偏差=实际值-标称值。
误差为示值(标称值)-实际值。
修正值是指为清除或减少系统误差，用代数法加到未修正测量结果上的值。
三者关系：误差=-偏差;误差=-修正值;修正值=偏差。
参考链接：https://baike.so.com/doc/4348439-4553618.html

基值误差
指"为核查仪器而选用在规定的示值或规定的被测量值处的测量仪器误差"。
零值误差
指"被测量为零值的基值误差"。