1.Assume x ( t ) ↔ F T X ( j ω ) x(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X(j\omega) x(t)FT X(jω), discuss the following problems:
- Can e j a ω X ( ω ) e^{ja \omega}X(\omega) ejaωX(ω) be real, how?
- Can X ( j ω ) X(j\omega) X(jω) be periodic, how?
- Can ∫ − ∞ ∞ ω X ( j ω ) d ω \int_{-\infty}^\infty{\omega X(j \omega) d\omega} ∫−∞∞ωX(jω)dω be zero, how?
- Can R e ( X ( j ω ) ) = 0 Re ({{{X(j\omega)}}})=0 Re(X(jω))=0 or I m ( X ( j ω ) ) = 0 Im(X{(j\omega)})=0 Im(X(jω))=0 , how?
Solve:
1). 根据题设有:
x
(
t
)
↔
F
T
X
(
j
ω
)
(1-1)
x(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X(j\omega) \tag{1-1}
x(t)FT
X(jω)(1-1)
结合FT的时移性质,有:
x
(
t
+
a
)
↔
F
T
e
j
a
ω
X
(
ω
)
=
X
1
(
j
ω
)
(1-2)
x(t+a) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT} e^{ja \omega}X(\omega) =X_{1}(j\omega)\tag{1-2}
x(t+a)FT
ejaωX(ω)=X1(jω)(1-2)
根据尺度变换特性及共轭对称性,若:
x
(
t
)
↔
F
T
X
(
j
ω
)
(1-3)
x(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X(j\omega) \tag{1-3}
x(t)FT
X(jω)(1-3)
则有:
x
(
−
t
)
↔
F
T
X
(
−
j
ω
)
(1-4)
x(-t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X(-j\omega) \tag{1-4}
x(−t)FT
X(−jω)(1-4)
x
∗
(
t
)
↔
F
T
X
∗
(
−
j
ω
)
(1-5)
x^{*}(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X^{*}(-j\omega) \tag{1-5}
x∗(t)FT
X∗(−jω)(1-5)
可以看出,若要求
X
1
(
j
ω
)
X_{1}(j\omega)
X1(jω) 为实,则需要有:
X
∗
(
j
ω
)
=
X
(
j
ω
)
(1-6)
X^{*}(j\omega)=X(j\omega) \tag{1-6}
X∗(jω)=X(jω)(1-6)
反映在时域上即为:
x
(
t
+
a
)
=
x
∗
(
t
+
a
)
(1-7)
x(t+a)=x^{*}(t+a) \tag{1-7}
x(t+a)=x∗(t+a)(1-7)
x
(
t
+
a
)
=
x
(
−
t
+
a
)
(1-8)
x(t+a)=x(-t+a) \tag{1-8}
x(t+a)=x(−t+a)(1-8)
即要求
x
(
t
)
x(t)
x(t) 为实信号,并且关于
t
=
a
t=a
t=a 对称
2).根据对偶性,若:
x
(
t
)
↔
F
T
X
(
j
ω
)
(2-1)
x(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X(j\omega) \tag{2-1}
x(t)FT
X(jω)(2-1)
则有:
X
(
t
)
↔
F
T
2
π
x
(
−
j
ω
)
(2-2)
X(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}2\pi x(-j\omega) \tag{2-2}
X(t)FT
2πx(−jω)(2-2)
根据所学,周期信号的FT为频域的冲激串,即若
x
(
t
)
x(t)
x(t) 为周期信号,则:
x ( t ) ↔ F T X ( j ω ) = 2 π ∑ k = − ∞ + ∞ a k δ ( ω − k ω 0 ) (2-3) x(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X(j\omega) \tag{2-3}=2 \pi \sum_{k=-\infty}^{+\infty} a_{k} \delta(\omega- k\omega_{0}) x(t)FT X(jω)=2πk=−∞∑+∞akδ(ω−kω0)(2-3)
则根据对偶性:
X
(
t
)
↔
F
T
2
π
x
(
−
j
ω
)
(2-4)
X(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}2\pi x(-j\omega) \tag{2-4}
X(t)FT
2πx(−jω)(2-4)
x
(
−
j
ω
)
x(-j\omega)
x(−jω) 即为频域上的周期信号。
综上:要求时域上的信号为冲激串形式,才可以保证其FT为周期信号。
3). 根据IFT:
x
(
t
)
=
1
2
π
∫
−
∞
∞
e
j
ω
t
X
(
j
ω
)
d
ω
(3-1)
x(t)= \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\infty}^\infty{e^{j\omega t}X(j \omega) d\omega} \tag{3-1}
x(t)=2π1∫−∞∞ejωtX(jω)dω(3-1)
两边同时对
t
t
t 求导有:
x
′
(
t
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
j
ω
X
(
j
ω
)
e
j
ω
t
d
ω
(3-2)
x^{'}(t)=\int_{-\infty}^\infty{j\omega X(j \omega)e^{j\omega t} d\omega} \tag{3-2}
x′(t)=∫−∞∞jωX(jω)ejωtdω(3-2)
令
t
=
0
t=0
t=0 ,有:
x
′
(
0
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
j
ω
X
(
j
ω
)
d
ω
(3-3)
x^{'}(0)=\int_{-\infty}^\infty{j\omega X(j \omega )d\omega} \tag{3-3}
x′(0)=∫−∞∞jωX(jω)dω(3-3)
令其为0,即为
x
′
(
t
)
=
0
x^{'}(t)=0
x′(t)=0
4).根据共轭对称性,若要求
X
(
j
ω
)
X(j\omega)
X(jω) 实部为0,即为要求
X
(
j
ω
)
X(j\omega)
X(jω) 为纯虚数,推导如下:
若:
x
(
t
)
↔
F
T
X
(
j
ω
)
(3-4)
x(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X(j\omega) \tag{3-4}
x(t)FT
X(jω)(3-4)
则有:
x
(
−
t
)
↔
F
T
X
(
−
j
ω
)
(3-5)
x(-t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X(-j\omega) \tag{3-5}
x(−t)FT
X(−jω)(3-5)
x
∗
(
t
)
↔
F
T
X
∗
(
−
j
ω
)
(3-6)
x^{*}(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}X^{*}(-j\omega) \tag{3-6}
x∗(t)FT
X∗(−jω)(3-6)
现在要求:
−
X
(
j
ω
)
=
X
∗
(
j
ω
)
(3-7)
-X(j\omega)=X^{*}(j\omega) \tag{3-7}
−X(jω)=X∗(jω)(3-7)
反映在时域上为:
x
(
t
)
=
x
∗
(
t
)
(3-8)
x(t)=x^{*}(t) \tag{3-8}
x(t)=x∗(t)(3-8)
x
(
t
)
=
−
x
(
−
t
)
(3-9)
x(t)=-x(-t) \tag{3-9}
x(t)=−x(−t)(3-9)
即要求
x
(
t
)
x(t)
x(t) 为实奇信号。
同理,对于 X ( j w ) X(jw) X(jw) 虚部为0,有:
X
(
j
ω
)
=
X
∗
(
j
ω
)
(3-10)
X(j\omega)=X^{*}(j\omega) \tag{3-10}
X(jω)=X∗(jω)(3-10)
x
(
t
)
=
x
∗
(
t
)
(3-11)
x(t)=x^{*}(t) \tag{3-11}
x(t)=x∗(t)(3-11)
x
(
t
)
=
x
(
−
t
)
(3-12)
x(t)=x(-t) \tag{3-12}
x(t)=x(−t)(3-12)
即要求
x
(
t
)
x(t)
x(t) 为实偶信号。
2
a) A sound signal
x
(
t
)
x(t)
x(t) is broadcasted in a reverberating room, which can be modeled as a system with the impulse response of
h
(
t
)
=
∑
k
=
0
+
∞
e
−
k
T
δ
(
t
−
k
T
)
h(t)= \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty} e ^{-kT} \delta(t- kT)
h(t)=∑k=0+∞e−kTδ(t−kT) . Design a system that can recover
x
(
t
)
x(t)
x(t) from the reverberated sound signal.
b) When the room impulse response is modeled as h ( t ) = ∑ k = 0 K a k δ ( t − k T ) h(t)= \sum_{k=0}^{K} a_{k} \delta(t- kT) h(t)=∑k=0Kakδ(t−kT) , can we design a causal system that can recover x ( t ) x(t) x(t) from the reverberated sound signal? Specify the reason.
c) Summarize time-domain and frequency-domain methods of finding the inverse system of an LTI system.
Solve:
a)
令
y
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
)
∗
h
(
t
)
(1-1)
y(t)=x(t)*h(t)\tag{1-1}
y(t)=x(t)∗h(t)(1-1)
若要加一系统
h
1
(
t
)
h_{1}(t)
h1(t),使得:
y
(
t
)
∗
h
1
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
)
(1-2)
y(t)*h_{1}(t)=x(t) \tag{1-2}
y(t)∗h1(t)=x(t)(1-2)
则需:
h
(
t
)
∗
h
1
(
t
)
=
δ
(
t
)
(1-3)
h(t)*h_{1}(t)=\delta(t)\tag{1-3}
h(t)∗h1(t)=δ(t)(1-3)
故有:
h
1
(
t
)
=
∑
k
=
0
+
∞
e
k
T
δ
(
t
+
k
T
)
(1-4)
h_{1}(t)= \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty} e^{kT} \delta(t+ kT) \tag{1-4}
h1(t)=k=0∑+∞ekTδ(t+kT)(1-4)
b)
同理,若要恢复
x
(
t
)
x(t)
x(t),则应该将
h
2
(
t
)
h_{2}(t)
h2(t) 设计为:
h
1
(
t
)
=
∑
k
=
0
K
1
a
k
δ
(
t
+
k
T
)
(1-5)
h_{1}(t)= \sum_{k=0}^{K} \frac{1}{a_{k}} \delta(t+ kT) \tag{1-5}
h1(t)=k=0∑Kak1δ(t+kT)(1-5)
但此时 h 2 ( t ) h_{2}(t) h2(t) 并不是一个因果系统。所以,不可设计一个因果系统恢复 x ( t ) x(t) x(t) 。
c)
在时域上寻找一个系统
h
(
t
)
h(t)
h(t) 的逆系统
h
i
n
v
(
t
)
h_{inv}(t)
hinv(t) ,则寻找依据是:
h
(
t
)
∗
h
i
n
v
(
t
)
=
δ
(
t
)
(1-6)
h(t)*h_{inv}(t)=\delta(t) \tag{1-6}
h(t)∗hinv(t)=δ(t)(1-6)
而在频域上寻找一个系统
h
(
t
)
h(t)
h(t) 的逆系统
h
i
n
v
(
t
)
h_{inv}(t)
hinv(t) ,寻找依据是:
H
(
ω
)
H
i
n
v
(
ω
)
=
1
(1-7)
H(\omega)H_{inv}(\omega)=1 \tag{1-7}
H(ω)Hinv(ω)=1(1-7)
3.In communication system, single-banded modulation is an effective way to save the spectrum resource. Figure 1 shows the structure of the system that realizes the single-banded modulation.
(a)Please give an example to verify the system can realize single-banded modulation.
(b)Design a system that can recover
f
(
t
)
f(t)
f(t) from
y
(
t
)
y(t)
y(t).
Slove:
a) 考虑如下信号:
根据上图关系有:
y
3
(
t
)
=
c
o
s
(
w
0
t
)
f
(
t
)
(1-1)
y_{3}(t)=cos(w_{0}t)f(t) \tag{1-1}
y3(t)=cos(w0t)f(t)(1-1)
y
1
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
)
∗
h
(
t
)
(1-2)
y_{1}(t)=f(t)*h(t) \tag{1-2}
y1(t)=f(t)∗h(t)(1-2)
y
2
(
t
)
=
s
i
n
(
w
0
t
)
y
1
(
t
)
(1-3)
y_{2}(t)=sin(w_{0}t)y_{1}(t) \tag{1-3}
y2(t)=sin(w0t)y1(t)(1-3)
y
(
t
)
=
y
2
(
t
)
+
y
3
(
t
)
(1-4)
y(t)=y_{2}(t)+y_{3}(t) \tag{1-4}
y(t)=y2(t)+y3(t)(1-4)
求解 Y 3 ( ω ) Y_{3}(\omega) Y3(ω) :
根据相乘性质:
Y
3
(
j
ω
)
=
1
2
π
(
π
δ
(
ω
−
ω
0
)
+
π
δ
(
ω
+
ω
0
)
)
∗
F
(
ω
)
(1-5)
Y_{3}(j \omega)=\frac{1}{2\pi}(\pi\delta(\omega-\omega_{0})+\pi\delta(\omega+\omega_{0}))*F(\omega)\tag{1-5}
Y3(jω)=2π1(πδ(ω−ω0)+πδ(ω+ω0))∗F(ω)(1-5)化简后即为:
Y
3
(
j
ω
)
=
1
2
(
F
(
ω
−
ω
0
)
+
F
(
ω
+
ω
0
)
)
(1-6)
Y_{3}(j \omega)=\frac{1}{2}(F(\omega-\omega_{0})+F(\omega+\omega_{0})) \tag{1-6}
Y3(jω)=21(F(ω−ω0)+F(ω+ω0))(1-6)
频谱如下:
求解
Y
1
(
j
ω
)
Y_{1}(j\omega)
Y1(jω):
Y
1
(
j
ω
)
=
H
(
j
ω
)
F
(
j
ω
)
(1-7)
Y_{1}(j\omega)=H(j\omega)F(j\omega) \tag{1-7}
Y1(jω)=H(jω)F(jω)(1-7)
考虑如下信号:
s
g
n
(
t
)
=
2
u
(
t
)
−
1
(1-8)
sgn(t)=2u(t)-1 \tag{1-8}
sgn(t)=2u(t)−1(1-8)
图像如下:
已知:
u
(
t
)
↔
F
T
1
j
ω
+
π
δ
(
ω
)
(1-9)
u(t) \xleftrightarrow[]{FT}\frac{1}{j\omega}+\pi\delta(\omega) \tag{1-9}
u(t)FT
jω1+πδ(ω)(1-9)
根据FT的线性性质,有:
S
(
ω
)
=
2
j
ω
+
2
π
δ
(
ω
)
−
2
π
δ
(
ω
)
=
2
j
ω
(1-10)
S(\omega)=\frac{2}{j\omega}+2\pi\delta(\omega) -2\pi\delta(\omega)=\frac{2}{j\omega}\tag{1-10}
S(ω)=jω2+2πδ(ω)−2πδ(ω)=jω2(1-10)
根据对偶性:
S
(
t
)
=
2
j
t
↔
F
T
2
π
s
g
n
(
−
ω
)
=
−
2
π
s
g
n
(
ω
)
(1-11)
S(t)=\frac{2}{jt}\xleftrightarrow[]{FT}2\pi sgn(-\omega)=-2\pi sgn(\omega) \tag{1-11}
S(t)=jt2FT
2πsgn(−ω)=−2πsgn(ω)(1-11)
化简整理可得:
h
(
t
)
=
1
π
t
↔
F
T
−
j
s
g
n
(
w
)
=
H
(
ω
)
(1-12)
h(t)=\frac{1}{\pi t}\xleftrightarrow[]{FT}-jsgn(w)=H(\omega) \tag{1-12}
h(t)=πt1FT
−jsgn(w)=H(ω)(1-12)
图像如下:
故
Y
1
(
ω
)
Y_{1}(\omega)
Y1(ω) 图像如下:
求解
Y
2
(
ω
)
Y_{2}(\omega)
Y2(ω):
Y
2
(
ω
)
=
1
2
π
Y
1
(
ω
)
∗
π
j
(
δ
(
ω
−
ω
0
)
−
δ
(
ω
+
ω
0
)
)
(1-13)
Y_{2}(\omega)=\frac{1}{2\pi} Y_{1}(\omega)*\frac{\pi}{j}(\delta(\omega-\omega_{0})-\delta(\omega+\omega_{0})) \tag{1-13}
Y2(ω)=2π1Y1(ω)∗jπ(δ(ω−ω0)−δ(ω+ω0))(1-13)
图像如下:
求解
Y
(
ω
)
Y(\omega)
Y(ω):
Y
(
ω
)
=
Y
2
(
ω
)
+
Y
3
(
ω
)
(1-14)
Y(\omega)=Y_{2}(\omega)+Y_{3}(\omega) \tag{1-14}
Y(ω)=Y2(ω)+Y3(ω)(1-14)
图像如下:
所以,可以看出,对于输入
x
(
t
)
x(t)
x(t) 信号,输出的频谱是输入频谱调制并去除冗余部分的结果。
b) 先与一个频谱为
H
(
ω
)
=
δ
(
ω
−
ω
0
)
+
δ
(
ω
+
ω
0
)
H(\omega)=\delta(\omega-\omega_{0})+\delta(\omega+\omega_{0})
H(ω)=δ(ω−ω0)+δ(ω+ω0) 的系统在频域卷积,得到频谱
Y
4
(
ω
)
Y_{4}(\omega)
Y4(ω),图如下:
将其再经过一个低通滤波器
H
1
(
ω
)
H_{1}(\omega)
H1(ω) 即可,其中:
即可恢复出输入信号。
4.The signal in Figure 2a is a band limited signal, which is also called as bandpass signal. Figure 2b is the sampling and reconstruction system, where
h
1
(
t
)
=
∑
l
=
−
∞
+
∞
δ
(
t
−
l
T
s
)
h_{1}(t)= \sum_{l=-\infty}^{+\infty}\delta(t- lT_{s})
h1(t)=l=−∞∑+∞δ(t−lTs)
(a)According to the Nyquist sampling theorem, what condition should the sampling angular frequency satisfy?
(b)If the filter
H
(
ω
)
H(\omega)
H(ω) is shown in Figure 2c,
ω
1
=
ω
2
−
ω
1
\omega_{1}=\omega_{2}-\omega_{1}
ω1=ω2−ω1 If the sampling angular frequency
ω
s
\omega_{s}
ωs doesn’t satisfy the Nyquist sampling theorem, can
f
(
t
)
f(t)
f(t) be covered from
y
(
t
)
y(t)
y(t) ? If yes, please determine
ω
s
\omega_{s}
ωs
Solve:
a)
ω
M
=
ω
2
(1-1)
\omega_{M}=\omega_{2}\tag{1-1}
ωM=ω2(1-1)
ω
s
≥
2
ω
M
=
2
ω
2
(1-2)
\omega_{s} \geq 2\omega_{M}=2\omega_{2} \tag{1-2}
ωs≥2ωM=2ω2(1-2)
b)
根据
p
(
t
)
p(t)
p(t) 的表达式,可以得到
P
(
ω
)
P(\omega)
P(ω) 为:
若采样信号不满足奈奎斯特采样定理,即
ω
s
≤
2
ω
2
\omega_{s} \leq 2\omega_{2}
ωs≤2ω2,
其中
ω
2
=
2
ω
1
\omega_{2}=2\omega_{1}
ω2=2ω1 ,假设
ω
s
=
ω
2
=
2
ω
1
\omega_{s}=\omega_{2}=2\omega_{1}
ωs=ω2=2ω1,则有
Y
1
(
ω
)
Y_{1}(\omega)
Y1(ω) 图像如下:
通过上图滤波器后,即得到输入信号,此时
ω
s
=
ω
2
=
2
ω
1
\omega_{s}=\omega_{2}=2\omega_{1}
ωs=ω2=2ω1