截面为矩形的无穷长棱柱,内部无热源。两相对侧面与外界绝热,另两相对侧面温度分别保持为 0 o 0^o 0o和与高度无关的稳恒分布,求此棱柱的温度分布。
解:可以看成二维问题。设矩形为
0
≤
x
≤
a
,
0
≤
y
≤
b
0\leq x\leq a,0\leq y\leq b
0≤x≤a,0≤y≤b,温度分布为
u
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x
,
y
)
u(x,y)
u(x,y)则有边值问题
{
∂
2
u
∂
x
2
+
∂
2
u
∂
y
2
=
0
,
0
<
x
<
a
,
0
<
y
<
b
u
∣
x
=
0
=
0
,
u
∣
x
=
a
=
f
(
y
)
∂
u
∂
y
∣
y
=
0
=
0
,
∂
u
∂
y
∣
y
=
b
=
0
(13)
\begin{cases} \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial y^2}=0,\quad 0<x<a,0<y<b \\ u|_{x=0}=0,\quad u|_{x=a}=f(y) \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}|_{y=0}=0,\quad \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}|_{y=b}=0 \tag{13} \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧∂x2∂2u+∂y2∂2u=0,0<x<a,0<y<bu∣x=0=0,u∣x=a=f(y)∂y∂u∣y=0=0,∂y∂u∣y=b=0(13)
设
u
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x
,
y
)
=
X
(
x
)
Y
(
y
)
u(x,y)=X(x)Y(y)
u(x,y)=X(x)Y(y),代入方程和齐次边界条件,分离得固有值问题
{
Y
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′
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y
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+
λ
Y
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y
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=
0
Y
′
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0
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=
Y
′
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b
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=
0
(14)
\begin{cases} Y''(y)+\lambda Y(y)=0 \\ Y'(0)=Y'(b)=0 \tag{14} \end{cases}
{Y′′(y)+λY(y)=0Y′(0)=Y′(b)=0(14)
和关于
X
(
x
)
X(x)
X(x)的常微分方程
X
′
′
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x
)
−
λ
X
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x
)
=
0
X''(x)-\lambda X(x)=0
X′′(x)−λX(x)=0
对比S-L型方程(9),固有值问题(14)式中
q
(
y
)
≡
0
q(y)\equiv 0
q(y)≡0,且两端不出现第I、III类边界条件。由S-L定理,固有值
λ
=
ω
2
≥
0
\lambda=\omega^2 \geq 0
λ=ω2≥0,具体可解得固有值
λ
n
=
(
n
π
b
)
2
,
n
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
\lambda_n=(\frac{n\pi}{b})^2,\quad n=0,1,2,\cdots,
λn=(bnπ)2,n=0,1,2,⋯,
固有函数
Y
n
(
y
)
=
c
o
s
n
π
b
y
Y_n(y)=cos\frac{n\pi}{b}y
Yn(y)=cosbnπy
和相应的
X
0
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x
)
=
C
0
+
D
0
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x
)
X
n
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x
)
=
C
n
c
h
n
π
b
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D
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h
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x
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n
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
X_0(x)=C_0+D_0(x) \\ X_n(x)=C_nch\frac{n\pi}{b}x+D_nsh\frac{n\pi}{b}x,\quad n=1,2,\cdots
X0(x)=C0+D0(x)Xn(x)=Cnchbnπx+Dnshbnπx,n=1,2,⋯
将所有变量分离形状解叠加,令
u
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t
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x
)
=
C
0
+
D
0
x
+
∑
n
=
1
+
∞
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C
n
c
h
n
π
b
x
+
D
n
s
h
n
π
b
x
)
c
o
s
n
π
b
y
u(t,x)=C_0+D_0x+\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}(C_nch\frac{n\pi}{b}x+D_nsh\frac{n\pi}{b}x)cos\frac{n\pi}{b}y
u(t,x)=C0+D0x+n=1∑+∞(Cnchbnπx+Dnshbnπx)cosbnπy
由(14)式中另一组非齐次边界条件
u
∣
x
=
0
=
C
0
+
∑
n
=
1
+
∞
C
n
c
o
s
n
π
b
y
=
0
u|_{x=0}=C_0+\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}C_ncos\frac{n\pi}{b}y=0
u∣x=0=C0+n=1∑+∞Cncosbnπy=0
可推出
C
n
=
0
,
n
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
⋯
C_n=0,n=0,1,2,\cdots
Cn=0,n=0,1,2,⋯;
u
∣
x
=
a
=
D
0
a
+
∑
n
=
1
+
∞
D
n
s
h
a
n
π
b
c
o
s
n
π
b
y
=
f
(
y
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u|_{x=a}=D_0a+\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}D_nsh\frac{an\pi}{b}cos\frac{n\pi}{b}y=f(y)
u∣x=a=D0a+n=1∑+∞Dnshbanπcosbnπy=f(y)
这是
f
(
y
)
f(y)
f(y)在
[
0
,
b
]
[0,b]
[0,b]上的Fourier余弦展开,由(11)式可得
D
0
=
1
a
b
∫
0
b
f
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y
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d
y
D
n
=
2
b
s
h
a
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π
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∫
0
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f
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y
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c
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π
b
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d
y
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n
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1
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2
,
⋅
⋅
⋅
D_0=\frac{1}{ab}\int_0^bf(y)dy \\ D_n=\frac{2}{bsh\frac{an\pi}{b}}\int_0^bf(y)cos\frac{n\pi}{b}ydy,\quad n=1,2,···
D0=ab1∫0bf(y)dyDn=bshbanπ2∫0bf(y)cosbnπydy,n=1,2,⋅⋅⋅
最后得矩形域上边值问题(13)式的形式解
u
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x
,
y
)
=
x
a
b
∫
0
b
f
(
η
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d
η
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∑
n
=
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+
∞
2
b
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s
h
a
n
π
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−
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∫
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η
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c
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π
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η
d
η
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c
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π
b
y
u(x,y)=\frac{x}{ab}\int_0^bf(\eta)d\eta+\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}\frac{2}{b}(sh\frac{an\pi}{b})^{-1}\int_0^bf(\eta)cos\frac{n\pi}{b}\eta d\eta sh\frac{n\pi}{b}xcos\frac{n\pi}{b}y
u(x,y)=abx∫0bf(η)dη+n=1∑+∞b2(shbanπ)−1∫0bf(η)cosbnπηdηshbnπxcosbnπy