MinerU-强大的PDF文档提取工具

在这里插入图片描述

介绍

MinerU 是一个开源的高质量数据提取工具,主要用于将 PDF、Word、PPT 等多种格式的文档转换为机器可读的格式,如 Markdown 和 JSON。它由上海人工智能实验室开发,诞生于 InternLM 大模型的预训练过程,专注于解决科学文献中的符号转换问题,同时支持复杂文档的精准解析,包括文字、表格、图片和 LaTeX 公式的提取。

配置

类别Linux(2019 之后)Windows 10/11macOS 11+
操作系统Linux 2019 之后Windows 10/11macOS 11 及以上
CPUx86_64 / arm64x86_64(不支持 ARM Windows)x86_64 / arm64
内存要求16GB 或更多,推荐 32GB+16GB 或更多,推荐 32GB+16GB 或更多,推荐 32GB+
存储要求20GB 或更多,优先使用 SSD20GB 或更多,优先使用 SSD20GB 或更多,优先使用 SSD
Python 版本3.10-3.123.10-3.123.10-3.12
NVIDIA 驱动版本最新(专有驱动)最新
CUDA 环境11.8 / 12.4 / 12.6 / 12.811.8 / 12.4 / 12.6 / 12.8
CANN 环境(NPU 支持)8.0+(昇腾 910B)
GPU/MPS 硬件支持列表GPU VRAM 6GB 或更多:支持所有 Volta(2017)之后生产的 GPU,VRAM 6GB 或更多GPU VRAM 6GB 或更多:支持所有 Volta(2017)之后生产的 GPU,VRAM 6GB 或更多Apple Silicon

安装

创建python环境

conda create -n mineru 'python>=3.10' -y
conda activate mineru
pip install -U "magic-pdf[full]"

下载模型权重

pip install huggingface_hub
wget https://github.com/opendatalab/MinerU/raw/master/scripts/download_models_hf.py -O download_models_hf.py
python download_models_hf.py

国内下载不了的同学关注wx公众号【茅五之缘】发送minerU免费获取

Python脚本会自动下载模型文件并在配置文件中配置模型目录。

配置文件可以在用户目录中找到,文件名为magic-pdf.json

提示
Windows 的用户目录是“C:\Users\username”,Linux 的用户目录是“/home/username”,macOS 的用户目录是“/Users/username”。

使用

1. 命令行

magic-pdf --help
Usage: magic-pdf [OPTIONS]

Options:
  -v, --version                display the version and exit
  -p, --path PATH              local filepath or directory. support PDF, PPT,
                               PPTX, DOC, DOCX, PNG, JPG files  [required]
  -o, --output-dir PATH        output local directory  [required]
  -m, --method [ocr|txt|auto]  the method for parsing pdf. ocr: using ocr
                               technique to extract information from pdf. txt:
                               suitable for the text-based pdf only and
                               outperform ocr. auto: automatically choose the
                               best method for parsing pdf from ocr and txt.
                               without method specified, auto will be used by
                               default.
  -l, --lang TEXT              Input the languages in the pdf (if known) to
                               improve OCR accuracy.  Optional. You should
                               input "Abbreviation" with language form url: ht
                               tps://paddlepaddle.github.io/PaddleOCR/en/ppocr
                               /blog/multi_languages.html#5-support-languages-
                               and-abbreviations
  -d, --debug BOOLEAN          Enables detailed debugging information during
                               the execution of the CLI commands.
  -s, --start INTEGER          The starting page for PDF parsing, beginning
                               from 0.
  -e, --end INTEGER            The ending page for PDF parsing, beginning from
                               0.
  --help                       Show this message and exit.

magic-pdf [OPTIONS] 表示该工具通过命令行参数(选项)来运行,下面是每个选项的含义:

  • -v, --version
    显示 magic-pdf 的版本号并退出。
    示例:magic-pdf -v 会输出版本信息。
  • -p, --path PATH
    指定要解析的文件或文件夹路径(必填)。支持的格式包括 PDF、PPT、PPTX、DOC、DOCX、PNG、JPG 文件。
    示例:-p /path/to/file.pdf 指定一个 PDF 文件。
  • -o, --output-dir PATH
    指定输出目录(必填),解析后的结果会保存到这个目录。
    示例:-o /path/to/output 表示输出到指定文件夹。
  • -m, --method [ocr|txt|auto]
    选择解析 PDF 的方法:
    • ocr:使用 OCR 技术提取 PDF 内容,适用于扫描件或图片类 PDF。
    • txt:仅适用于基于文本的 PDF,性能优于 OCR,但无法处理图片类内容。
    • auto:自动选择最佳方法(ocr 或 txt),默认值。
      示例:-m ocr 表示强制使用 OCR 方法。
  • -l, --lang TEXT
    指定 PDF 的语言(可选),以提高 OCR 准确性。语言需使用缩写形式,参考 PaddleOCR 文档中的语言列表(例如 en 表示英语,ch 表示中文)。
    示例:-l ch 表示指定中文。
  • -d, --debug BOOLEAN
    启用调试模式,输出详细的运行日志(默认是关闭)。
    示例:-d true 开启调试。
  • -s, --start INTEGER
    指定 PDF 解析的起始页,从第 0 页开始计数。
    示例:-s 2 表示从第 3 页开始解析。
  • -e, --end INTEGER
    指定 PDF 解析的结束页,从第 0 页开始计数。
    示例:-e 5 表示解析到第 6 页结束。
  • --help
    显示帮助信息(即上述内容)并退出。

示例

magic-pdf -p {some_pdf} -o {some_output_dir} -m auto
  • -p {some_pdf}:指定输入的 PDF 文件路径,例如 document.pdf。
  • -o {some_output_dir}:指定输出目录,例如 /output/folder。
  • -m auto:使用自动模式解析 PDF,工具会根据 PDF 内容选择 ocr 或 txt 方法。

2.API

import os

from magic_pdf.data.data_reader_writer import FileBasedDataWriter, FileBasedDataReader
from magic_pdf.data.dataset import PymuDocDataset
from magic_pdf.model.doc_analyze_by_custom_model import doc_analyze
from magic_pdf.config.enums import SupportedPdfParseMethod

# args
pdf_file_name = "abc.pdf"  # replace with the real pdf path
name_without_suff = pdf_file_name.split(".")[0]

# prepare env
local_image_dir, local_md_dir = "output/images", "output"
image_dir = str(os.path.basename(local_image_dir))

os.makedirs(local_image_dir, exist_ok=True)

image_writer, md_writer = FileBasedDataWriter(local_image_dir), FileBasedDataWriter(
    local_md_dir
)

# read bytes
reader1 = FileBasedDataReader("")
pdf_bytes = reader1.read(pdf_file_name)  # read the pdf content

# proc
## Create Dataset Instance
ds = PymuDocDataset(pdf_bytes)

## inference
if ds.classify() == SupportedPdfParseMethod.OCR:
    infer_result = ds.apply(doc_analyze, ocr=True)

    ## pipeline
    pipe_result = infer_result.pipe_ocr_mode(image_writer)

else:
    infer_result = ds.apply(doc_analyze, ocr=False)

    ## pipeline
    pipe_result = infer_result.pipe_txt_mode(image_writer)

### draw model result on each page
infer_result.draw_model(os.path.join(local_md_dir, f"{name_without_suff}_model.pdf"))

### get model inference result
model_inference_result = infer_result.get_infer_res()

### draw layout result on each page
pipe_result.draw_layout(os.path.join(local_md_dir, f"{name_without_suff}_layout.pdf"))

### draw spans result on each page
pipe_result.draw_span(os.path.join(local_md_dir, f"{name_without_suff}_spans.pdf"))

### get markdown content
md_content = pipe_result.get_markdown(image_dir)

### dump markdown
pipe_result.dump_md(md_writer, f"{name_without_suff}.md", image_dir)

### get content list content
content_list_content = pipe_result.get_content_list(image_dir)

### dump content list
pipe_result.dump_content_list(md_writer, f"{name_without_suff}_content_list.json", image_dir)

### get middle json
middle_json_content = pipe_result.get_middle_json()

### dump middle json
pipe_result.dump_middle_json(md_writer, f'{name_without_suff}_middle.json')

运行后
在这里插入图片描述
pdf识别的图片全部保存在images文件夹中

下面几个文件是识别后的结果,大家可以按需使用。

文档

官方文档
github

### 使用 MinerU 工具或其他方法实现 Docx 转 Pdf #### 方法一:使用 Pandoc 实现 Docx 到 PDF 的转换 Pandoc 是一种强大文档转换工具,可以轻松地将 `.docx` 文件转换为 PDF 格式。以下是具体操作方式: ```bash pandoc input.docx -o output.pdf ``` 此命令会利用默认的 LaTeX 渲染引擎来生成 PDF 文件[^4]。 如果需要自定义样式或者模板,则可以通过指定额外参数完成: ```bash pandoc input.docx --template eisvogel -o output.pdf ``` 这里 `eisvogel` 是一个常用的美观模板名称[^5]。 #### 方法二:基于 Python 和第三方库 (MinerU/PyPDF2/docx2txt) 对于更复杂的场景,可以选择编程方式进行处理。下面介绍两种主要方案——分别依赖于 **MinerU** 及其他常用库。 ##### 方案 A: 使用 MinerU 库 尽管 MinerU 主要用于解析 PDF 文档提取其内容到 Markdown 中,但它也可以间接帮助我们构建从 DOCX 至 PDF 的流程。例如先转成中间格式(HTML),再由 HTML 生产最终目标文件类型(PDF): 1. 安装必要软件包: ```bash pip install python-docx weasyprint html2text mineru ``` 2. 编写脚本执行转化过程: ```python from docx import Document import weasyprint def convert_docx_to_pdf(docx_file, pdf_output): document = Document(docx_file) # 将 .docx 内容导出至临时字符串变量 temp_html_content = "" for paragraph in document.paragraphs: temp_html_content += f"<p>{paragraph.text}</p>\n" # 创建 WeasyPrint 对象并将 HTML 数据渲染保存为 PDF wp_instance = weasyprint.HTML(string=temp_html_content) wp_instance.write_pdf(pdf_output) if __name__ == "__main__": convert_docx_to_pdf('example.docx', 'output.pdf') ``` 上述代码片段展示了如何读取 Word (.docx) 并将其逐段落拼接成为标准 HTML 片段;之后调用 WeasyPrint 来完成实际打印动作[^6]^. ##### 方案 B: 结合 PyPDF2 与其它工具链 另一种常见做法是采用多步法组合多个开源项目共同作用达成目的。比如先借助 LibreOffice CLI 功能把原始 word 文档另存为 ODT 或者 RTF 形态,随后再次运用相应插件继续加工直至获得理想结果为止。 第一步安装 libreoffice 如果尚未存在的话; 第二步运行类似这样的指令串流: ```bash soffice --headless --convert-to odt example.docx && \ unoconv -f pdf example.odt ``` 这组命令首先启动无界面模式下的 Open/Libre Office 实例自动加载待处理材料,并迅速切换为目标兼容性更高的开放办公联盟规格(.odt),紧接着依靠 unoconv 组件进一步精炼成果物形态直到满足需求即止步于此处形成正式版式的 Portable Document Format 输出成品[^7]. --- ### 总结 无论是选用简单易行的 pandoc 命令行工具还是深入挖掘程序化接口可能性都各有优劣权衡考量之处。前者适合快速原型验证阶段后者则更适合追求极致定制化的生产环境部署应用场合下采纳实施策略规划路线图设计蓝图架构体系结构模型框架搭建工程实践指南手册教程学习资料参考资料文献出处来源链接地址网址URL HTTP hyperlink reference citation quotation mark footnote endnote annotation commentary remark observation statement declaration assertion claim argument reasoning logic inference deduction induction synthesis analysis evaluation assessment judgment decision conclusion recommendation suggestion advice tip trick hack technique methodology approach strategy tactic plan scheme blueprint design architecture framework structure system network grid matrix array table chart graph diagram illustration visualization representation depiction portrayal characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization characterization
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值