函数的右导数与导函数的右极限的关系
用
f
+
′
(
x
0
)
f^{\prime}_+\left(x_{0}\right)
f+′(x0)表示函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在点
x
0
x_0
x0处的右导数,即
f
+
′
(
x
0
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
x
−
x
0
f^{\prime}_+\left(x_{0}\right)=\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow x_{0}^{+}} \frac{f(x)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{x-x_{0}}
f+′(x0)=x→x0+limx−x0f(x)−f(x0),用
f
′
(
x
0
+
)
f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}^{+}\right)
f′(x0+)表示导函数
f
′
(
x
)
f^{\prime}(x)
f′(x)在点
x
0
x_0
x0处的右极限,即
f
′
(
x
0
+
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}^{+}\right)=\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow x_{0}^{+}} f^{\prime}(x)
f′(x0+)=x→x0+limf′(x),这是两个完全不同的概念,其中
f
′
(
x
0
+
)
f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}^{+}\right)
f′(x0+)还蕴含
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在点
x
0
x_0
x0的右邻域
(
x
0
,
x
0
+
δ
)
\left(x_{0}, x_{0}+\delta\right)
(x0,x0+δ)内每一点可导。
下面举两个例子来说明他们两个不一定相等
例一:设函数
f
(
x
)
=
{
2
3
x
3
,
x
⩾
1
x
2
,
x
<
1
f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{2}{3} x^{3}, & x \geqslant 1 \\ x^{2}, & x<1\end{array}\right.
f(x)={32x3,x2,x⩾1x<1,求
f
′
(
x
)
f^{\prime}(x)
f′(x)
错误解法:当
x
>
1
x>1
x>1时,有
f
′
(
x
)
=
2
x
2
f^{\prime}(x)=2 x^{2}
f′(x)=2x2;当
x
<
1
x<1
x<1时,有
f
′
(
x
)
=
2
x
f^{\prime}(x)=2 x
f′(x)=2x,又因为
f
+
′
(
1
)
=
lim
x
→
1
+
(
2
x
2
)
=
2
,
f
−
′
(
1
)
=
lim
x
→
1
−
(
2
x
)
=
2
f^{\prime}_+(1)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 1^{+}}\left(2 x^{2}\right)=2, \quad f^{\prime}_-(1)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 1^{-}}(2 x)=2
f+′(1)=x→1+lim(2x2)=2,f−′(1)=x→1−lim(2x)=2
故
f
′
(
1
)
=
2
f^{\prime}(1)=2
f′(1)=2,所以
f
′
(
x
)
=
{
2
x
2
,
x
⩾
1
2
x
,
x
<
1
f^{\prime}(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 2 x^{2}, & x \geqslant 1 \\ 2 x, & x<1 \end{array}\right.
f′(x)={2x2,2x,x⩾1x<1
错误解法的问题出在
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在分界点
x
=
1
x=1
x=1处不连续,当然
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
=
1
x=1
x=1处不可导,事实上
f
−
′
(
1
)
=
lim
x
→
1
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
1
)
x
−
1
=
lim
x
→
1
2
x
−
2
3
x
−
1
f^{\prime}_-(1)=\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{f(x)-f(1)}{x-1}=\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{2 x-\frac{2}{3}}{x-1}
f−′(1)=x→1limx−1f(x)−f(1)=x→1limx−12x−32
不存在,正确答案应该是
f
′
(
x
)
=
{
2
x
2
,
x
>
1
2
x
,
x
<
1
f^{\prime}(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}2 x^{2}, & x>1 \\ 2 x, & x<1\end{array}\right.
f′(x)={2x2,2x,x>1x<1,
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
=
1
x=1
x=1处不可导
例二:设
g
(
x
)
=
{
x
2
sin
1
x
,
x
≠
0
0
,
x
=
0
g(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}x^{2} \sin \frac{1}{x}, & x \neq 0 \\ 0, & x=0\end{array}\right.
g(x)={x2sinx1,0,x=0x=0,证明
g
+
′
(
0
)
=
0
g^{\prime}_+(0)=0
g+′(0)=0,而
g
′
(
0
+
)
g^{\prime}\left(0^{+}\right)
g′(0+)不存在
证明:
g
+
′
(
0
)
=
lim
x
→
0
+
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
0
)
x
=
lim
x
→
0
+
x
sin
1
x
=
0
g^{\prime}_+(0)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{g(x)-g(0)}{x}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} x \sin \frac{1}{x}=0
g+′(0)=x→0+limxg(x)−g(0)=x→0+limxsinx1=0
当
x
≠
0
x \neq 0
x=0时,
g
′
(
x
)
=
2
x
sin
1
x
−
cos
1
x
,
g
′
(
0
+
)
=
lim
x
→
0
+
(
2
x
sin
1
x
−
cos
1
x
)
g^{\prime}(x)=2 x \sin \frac{1}{x}-\cos \frac{1}{x}, g^{\prime}\left(0^{+}\right)=\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow 0^{+}}\left(2 x \sin \frac{1}{x}-\cos \frac{1}{x}\right)
g′(x)=2xsinx1−cosx1,g′(0+)=x→0+lim(2xsinx1−cosx1)不存在。
从上述中我们可以看出,在一般情况下,右导数
f
+
′
(
x
0
)
f^{\prime}_+\left(x_{0}\right)
f+′(x0)存在,右极限
f
′
(
x
0
+
)
f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}^{+}\right)
f′(x0+)不一定存在;反之,右导数
f
+
′
(
x
0
)
f^{\prime}_+\left(x_{0}\right)
f+′(x0)不存在,右极限
f
′
(
x
0
+
)
f^{\prime}\left(x_{0}^{+}\right)
f′(x0+)也可能存在
定理:设函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
[
x
0
,
x
0
+
δ
]
[x_{0}, x_{0}+\delta]
[x0,x0+δ]上连续,在
(
x
0
,
x
0
+
δ
)
(x_{0}, x_{0}+\delta)
(x0,x0+δ)上可导,且
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
=
A
\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow x_{0}^{+}} f^{\prime}(x)=A
x→x0+limf′(x)=A存在,则函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在点
x
0
x_0
x0处的右导数
f
′
+
(
x
0
)
f^{\prime}+\left(x_{0}\right)
f′+(x0)存在,且有
f
+
′
(
x
0
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
=
A
f^{\prime}_+\left(x_{0}\right)=\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow x_{0}^{+}} f^{\prime}(x)=A
f+′(x0)=x→x0+limf′(x)=A
证明:由中值定理知,
f
(
x
0
+
δ
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
)
δ
,
ξ
∈
(
x
0
,
x
0
+
δ
)
f\left(x_{0}+\delta)-f\left(x_{0}\right)=f^{\prime}(\xi) \delta, \quad \xi \in\left(x_{0}, x_{0}+\delta\right)\right.
f(x0+δ)−f(x0)=f′(ξ)δ,ξ∈(x0,x0+δ)
于是
f
+
′
(
x
0
)
=
lim
δ
→
0
+
f
(
x
0
+
δ
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
δ
=
lim
δ
→
0
f
′
(
ξ
)
=
lim
ξ
→
x
0
f
′
(
ξ
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
f
′
(
x
)
=
A
f^{\prime}_+(x_0)=\lim _{\delta \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{f\left(x_{0}+\delta)-f\left(x_{0}\right)\right.}{\delta}=\lim _{\delta \rightarrow 0} f^{\prime}(\xi)=\lim _{\xi \rightarrow x_{0}} f^{\prime}(\xi)=\lim _{x \rightarrow x_{0} } f^{\prime}(x)=A
f+′(x0)=δ→0+limδf(x0+δ)−f(x0)=δ→0limf′(ξ)=ξ→x0limf′(ξ)=x→x0limf′(x)=A
例三 设函数
f
(
x
)
=
{
x
2
,
x
⩽
1
a
x
+
b
,
x
>
1
f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{cl}x^{2}, & x \leqslant 1 \\ a x+b, & x>1\end{array}\right.
f(x)={x2,ax+b,x⩽1x>1在
x
=
1
x=1
x=1处可导,求a与b的值
解析:因为
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
=
1
x=1
x=1处可导,故
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
=
1
x=1
x=1处连续,于是
lim
x
→
1
+
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
1
+
(
a
x
+
b
)
=
a
+
b
,
lim
x
→
1
−
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
1
−
(
x
2
)
=
1
\lim _{x \rightarrow 1^{+}} f(x)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 1^{+}}(a x+b)=a+b, \quad \lim _{x \rightarrow 1^{-}} f(x)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 1^{-}}\left(x^{2}\right)=1
x→1+limf(x)=x→1+lim(ax+b)=a+b,x→1−limf(x)=x→1−lim(x2)=1
所以,
a
+
b
=
1
a+b=1
a+b=1,又当
x
<
1
x<1
x<1时,
f
′
(
x
)
=
2
x
f^{\prime}(x)=2 x
f′(x)=2x;当
x
>
1
x>1
x>1时,
f
′
(
x
)
=
a
f^{\prime}(x)=a
f′(x)=a,由定理知
f
−
′
(
1
)
=
lim
x
→
1
−
(
2
x
)
=
2
,
f
+
′
(
1
)
=
lim
x
→
1
+
a
=
a
f^{\prime}_-(1)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 1^{-}}(2 x)=2, \quad f^{\prime}_+(1)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 1^{+}} a=a
f−′(1)=x→1−lim(2x)=2,f+′(1)=x→1+lima=a
由于
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
=
1
x=1
x=1处可导,故a=2,解出b=-1.