- 夹逼准则
例一：求极限 lim x → 0 y → 0 sin ( x 2 y + y 4 ) x 2 + y 2 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow 0 \atop y \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin \left(x^{2} y+y^{4}\right)}{x^{2}+y^{2}} y→0x→0limx2+y2sin(x2y+y4)
解析：因为
∣
sin
x
∣
≤
∣
x
∣
|\sin x| \leq|x|
∣sinx∣≤∣x∣，因为有
0
≤
∣
sin
(
x
2
y
+
y
4
)
x
2
+
y
2
∣
≤
∣
x
2
y
+
y
4
x
2
+
y
2
∣
0 \leq\left|\frac{\sin \left(x^{2} y+y^{4}\right)}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\right| \leq\left|\frac{x^{2} y+y^{4}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\right|
0≤∣∣∣∣∣x2+y2sin(x2y+y4)∣∣∣∣∣≤∣∣∣∣x2+y2x2y+y4∣∣∣∣
又因为
∣
x
2
y
+
y
4
x
2
+
y
2
∣
≤
x
2
x
2
+
y
2
×
∣
y
∣
+
y
2
x
2
+
y
2
×
y
2
≤
∣
y
∣
+
y
2
→
0
\begin{aligned} \left|\frac{x^{2} y+y^{4}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\right| & \leq \frac{x^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}} \times|y|+\frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}} \times y^{2} \\ & \leq|y|+y^{2} \rightarrow 0 \end{aligned}
∣∣∣∣x2+y2x2y+y4∣∣∣∣≤x2+y2x2×∣y∣+x2+y2y2×y2≤∣y∣+y2→0
由夹逼准则知，极限为0
例2：求极限
lim
x
→
+
∞
y
→
+
∞
(
x
y
x
2
+
y
2
)
x
2
\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow+\infty \atop y \rightarrow+\infty}\left(\frac{x y}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\right)^{x^{2}}
y→+∞x→+∞lim(x2+y2xy)x2
解析：注意到
0
≤
x
y
x
2
+
y
2
≤
1
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
x
2
+
y
2
=
1
2
0 \leq \frac{x y}{x^{2}+y^{2}} \leq \frac{\frac{1}{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)}{x^{2}+y^{2}}=\frac{1}{2}
0≤x2+y2xy≤x2+y221(x2+y2)=21
所以
0
≤
(
x
y
x
2
+
y
2
)
x
2
≤
(
1
2
)
x
2
→
0
0 \leq\left(\frac{x y}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\right)^{x^{2}} \leq\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{x^{2}} \rightarrow 0
0≤(x2+y2xy)x2≤(21)x2→0
由夹逼准则知极限为0
例三 求极限 lim x → ∞ y → ∞ x + y x 2 − x y + y 2 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow \infty \atop y \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x+y}{x^{2}-x y+y^{2}} y→∞x→∞limx2−xy+y2x+y
解法一：由于
∣
x
+
y
x
2
−
x
y
+
y
2
∣
≤
∣
1
y
+
1
x
∣
∣
x
y
−
1
+
y
x
∣
≤
∣
1
y
+
1
x
∣
∣
x
y
+
y
x
∣
−
1
≤
∣
1
y
+
1
x
∣
→
0
\left|\frac{x+y}{x^{2}-x y+y^{2}}\right| \leq \frac{\left|\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{x}\right|}{\left|\frac{x}{y}-1+\frac{y}{x}\right|} \leq \frac{\left|\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{x}\right|}{\left|\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}\right|-1} \leq\left|\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{x}\right| \rightarrow 0
∣∣∣∣x2−xy+y2x+y∣∣∣∣≤∣∣∣yx−1+xy∣∣∣∣∣∣y1+x1∣∣∣≤∣∣∣yx+xy∣∣∣−1∣∣∣y1+x1∣∣∣≤∣∣∣∣y1+x1∣∣∣∣→0
解法二：由于
∣
x
+
y
x
2
−
x
y
+
y
2
∣
≤
2
∣
x
+
y
∣
x
2
+
y
2
≤
2
∣
x
∣
+
∣
y
∣
x
2
+
y
2
≤
2
(
1
∣
x
∣
+
1
∣
y
∣
)
→
0
\left|\frac{x+y}{x^{2}-x y+y^{2}}\right| \leq \frac{2|x+y|}{x^{2}+y^{2}} \leq 2 \frac{|x|+|y|}{x^{2}+y^{2}} \leq 2\left(\frac{1}{|x|}+\frac{1}{|y|}\right) \rightarrow 0
∣∣∣∣x2−xy+y2x+y∣∣∣∣≤x2+y22∣x+y∣≤2x2+y2∣x∣+∣y∣≤2(∣x∣1+∣y∣1)→0
故由夹逼准则知极限为0
解法三：
注意到
x
2
+
y
2
−
x
y
≥
2
x
y
−
x
y
=
x
y
x^{2}+y^{2}-x y \geq 2 x y-x y=x y
x2+y2−xy≥2xy−xy=xy
由于
∣
x
+
y
x
2
−
x
y
+
y
2
∣
≤
∣
x
+
y
x
y
∣
≤
(
1
∣
y
∣
+
1
∣
x
∣
)
→
0
\left|\frac{x+y}{x^{2}-x y+y^{2}}\right| \leq\left|\frac{x+y}{x y}\right| \leq\left(\frac{1}{|y|}+\frac{1}{|x|}\right) \rightarrow 0
∣∣∣∣x2−xy+y2x+y∣∣∣∣≤∣∣∣∣xyx+y∣∣∣∣≤(∣y∣1+∣x∣1)→0
所以极限为0
- 极坐标
例题一：求极限
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
3
+
y
3
x
2
+
y
2
\lim \limits_{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} \frac{x^{3}+y^{3}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}
(x,y)→(0,0)limx2+y2x3+y3
解析：
令
x
=
ρ
cos
θ
,
y
=
ρ
sin
θ
x=\rho \cos \theta, y=\rho \sin \theta
x=ρcosθ,y=ρsinθ，则
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
3
+
y
3
x
2
+
y
2
=
lim
ρ
→
0
ρ
3
(
cos
3
θ
+
sin
3
θ
)
ρ
2
=
lim
ρ
→
0
ρ
(
cos
3
θ
+
sin
3
θ
)
=
0
\lim _{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} \frac{x^{3}+y^{3}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}=\lim _{\rho \rightarrow 0} \frac{\rho^{3}\left(\cos ^{3} \theta+\sin ^{3} \theta\right)}{\rho^{2}}=\lim _{\rho \rightarrow 0} \rho\left(\cos ^{3} \theta+\sin ^{3} \theta\right)=0
(x,y)→(0,0)limx2+y2x3+y3=ρ→0limρ2ρ3(cos3θ+sin3θ)=ρ→0limρ(cos3θ+sin3θ)=0
- 化为一元函数
例题一：求极限 lim x → + ∞ y → + ∞ ( x 2 + y 2 ) e − ( x + y ) \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow+\infty \atop y \rightarrow+\infty}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right) e^{-(x+y)} y→+∞x→+∞lim(x2+y2)e−(x+y)
由于
0
<
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
e
x
+
y
=
x
2
e
x
+
y
+
y
2
e
x
+
y
≤
x
2
e
x
+
y
2
e
y
0<\frac{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)}{e^{x+y}}=\frac{x^{2}}{e^{x+y}}+\frac{y^{2}}{e^{x+y}} \leq \frac{x^{2}}{e^{x}}+\frac{y^{2}}{e^{y}}
0<ex+y(x2+y2)=ex+yx2+ex+yy2≤exx2+eyy2
易知
x
2
e
x
、
y
2
e
y
\frac{x^{2}}{e^{x}}、\frac{y^{2}}{e^{y}}
exx2、eyy2都为0，所以极限为0
例题二：求极限
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
2
ln
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
=
0
\lim \limits_{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} x^{2} \ln \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)=0
(x,y)→(0,0)limx2ln(x2+y2)=0
解析：因为
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
2
ln
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
=
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
2
x
2
+
y
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
ln
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
\lim \limits_{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} x^{2} \ln \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)=\lim \limits_{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} \frac{x^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right) \ln \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)
(x,y)→(0,0)limx2ln(x2+y2)=(x,y)→(0,0)limx2+y2x2(x2+y2)ln(x2+y2)
令
x
2
+
y
2
=
t
\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}=t
x2+y2=t
则有
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
ln
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
=
lim
t
→
0
+
t
ln
t
=
lim
t
→
0
+
ln
t
1
/
t
=
lim
t
→
0
+
1
/
t
−
1
/
t
2
=
0
\begin{aligned} \lim _{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right) \ln \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right) &=\lim _{t \rightarrow 0^{+}} t \ln t \\ &=\lim _{t \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{\ln t}{1 / t}=\lim _{t \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{1 / t}{-1 / t^{2}}=0 \end{aligned}
(x,y)→(0,0)lim(x2+y2)ln(x2+y2)=t→0+limtlnt=t→0+lim1/tlnt=t→0+lim−1/t21/t=0
例题三：求极限
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
ln
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
\lim \limits_{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} x \ln \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)
(x,y)→(0,0)limxln(x2+y2)
解析：因为
lim
x
→
0
y
→
0
x
ln
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
=
2
lim
x
→
0
y
→
0
x
x
2
+
y
2
x
2
+
y
2
ln
x
2
+
y
2
\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow 0 \atop y \rightarrow 0} x \ln \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)=2 \lim \limits_{x \rightarrow 0 \atop y \rightarrow 0} \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}} \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} \ln \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}
y→0x→0limxln(x2+y2)=2y→0x→0limx2+y2xx2+y2lnx2+y2
令
x
2
+
y
2
=
t
\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}=t
x2+y2=t，那么
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
2
+
y
2
ln
x
2
+
y
2
=
lim
t
→
0
+
t
ln
t
=
lim
t
→
0
+
ln
t
1
/
t
=
lim
t
→
0
+
1
/
t
−
1
/
t
2
=
0
\begin{aligned} \lim _{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} \ln \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} &=\lim _{t \rightarrow 0^{+}} t \ln t \\ &=\lim _{t \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{\ln t}{1 / t}=\lim _{t \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{1 / t}{-1 / t^{2}}=0 \end{aligned}
(x,y)→(0,0)limx2+y2lnx2+y2=t→0+limtlnt=t→0+lim1/tlnt=t→0+lim−1/t21/t=0
所以
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
ln
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
=
0
\lim \limits_{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} x \ln \left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)=0
(x,y)→(0,0)limxln(x2+y2)=0
例题四：求极限 lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) x 2 + y 2 − sin x 2 + y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 / 2 \lim \limits_{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} \frac{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}-\sin \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{3 / 2}} (x,y)→(0,0)lim(x2+y2)3/2x2+y2−sinx2+y2
解析：
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
2
+
y
2
−
sin
x
2
+
y
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
3
/
2
x
2
+
y
2
=
ρ
ρ
→
0
ρ
−
sin
ρ
ρ
3
=
lim
ρ
→
0
ρ
−
(
ρ
−
1
6
ρ
3
+
o
(
ρ
3
)
)
ρ
3
=
1
6
\begin{aligned} \lim _{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0)} \frac{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}-\sin \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{3 / 2}} & \frac{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}=\rho}{\rho \rightarrow 0} \frac{\rho-\sin \rho}{\rho^{3}} \\ &=\lim _{\rho \rightarrow 0} \frac{\rho-\left(\rho-\frac{1}{6} \rho^{3}+o\left(\rho^{3}\right)\right)}{\rho^{3}}=\frac{1}{6} \end{aligned}
(x,y)→(0,0)lim(x2+y2)3/2x2+y2−sinx2+y2ρ→0x2+y2=ρρ3ρ−sinρ=ρ→0limρ3ρ−(ρ−61ρ3+o(ρ3))=61
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