练习1: 求极限
lim
x
→
0
(
a
1
x
+
a
2
x
+
⋯
+
a
n
x
n
)
1
x
\lim_{x \rightarrow 0} \left(\frac{a_1^{x}+a_2^{x}+\dots+a_n^{x}}{n}\right)^\frac{1}{x}
x→0lim(na1x+a2x+⋯+anx)x1
分析:
(1) 利用公式
lim
(
1
+
u
)
v
=
e
lim
v
⋅
(
1
+
u
)
=
e
lim
u
⋅
v
,
(
u
→
0
,
v
→
+
∞
)
(1)
\lim(1+u)^v = e^{\lim v \cdot(1+u)}= e^{\lim u\cdot v},(u\rightarrow 0,v\rightarrow +\infty) { \color{red}\tag{1}}
lim(1+u)v=elimv⋅(1+u)=elimu⋅v,(u→0,v→+∞)(1)
(2) 与习题1-10,9-(5)类似,构造函数
u
u
u,此时注意到
( a 1 x + a 2 x + ⋯ + a n x n ) = ( 1 + a 1 x + a 2 x + ⋯ + a n x − n n ) = ( 1 + ( a 1 x − 1 ) + ( a 2 x − 1 ) + ⋯ + ( a n x − 1 ) n ) \left(\frac{a_1^{x}+a_2^{x}+\dots+a_n^{x}}{n}\right)=\left(1+\frac{a_1^{x}+a_2^{x}+\dots+a_n^{x}-n}{n}\right) = \left(1+\frac{(a_1^{x}-1)+(a_2^{x}-1)+\dots+(a_n^{x}-1)}{n}\right) (na1x+a2x+⋯+anx)=(1+na1x+a2x+⋯+anx−n)=(1+n(a1x−1)+(a2x−1)+⋯+(anx−1))
此时, u = ( a 1 x − 1 ) + ( a 2 x − 1 ) + ⋯ + ( a n x − 1 ) n u=\frac{(a_1^{x}-1)+(a_2^{x}-1)+\dots+(a_n^{x}-1)}{n} u=n(a1x−1)+(a2x−1)+⋯+(anx−1)即是需要构造出的函数
再利用等价无穷小的结论 a x − 1 ∼ x ln a a^x-1 \sim x\ln a ax−1∼xlna即可求解。
练习2: 求极限 lim x → π 2 ( sin x ) tan x \lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}} (\sin x)^{\tan x} limx→2π(sinx)tanx
分析:
(1)一般习惯考虑 x → 0 x \rightarrow 0 x→0的情形,于是记 y = x − π 2 y = x-\frac{\pi}{2} y=x−2π, x = y + π 2 x = y+ \frac{\pi}{2} x=y+2π
此时: sin x = sin ( y + π 2 ) = − cos y \sin x = \sin (y+\frac{\pi}{2}) = -\cos y sinx=sin(y+2π)=−cosy, tan x = tan ( y + π 2 ) = − cot y \tan x = \tan(y+\frac{\pi}{2}) = -\cot y tanx=tan(y+2π)=−coty
注意到: x → π 2 x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2} x→2π 时 y → 0 y \rightarrow 0 y→0
(2)类似练习1,同样构造出公式中的u,类似可得出答案。
解:
lim
x
→
π
2
(
sin
x
)
tan
x
=
lim
y
→
0
(
−
cos
y
)
−
cot
y
=
lim
y
→
0
[
1
−
(
cos
y
−
1
)
]
−
cot
y
\lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}} (\sin x)^{\tan x}=\lim_{y \rightarrow0} (-\cos y)^{-\cot y} = {\color{red} \lim_{y \rightarrow0} [1-(\cos y-1)]^{-\cot y}}
x→2πlim(sinx)tanx=y→0lim(−cosy)−coty=y→0lim[1−(cosy−1)]−coty
令
u
=
−
(
cos
y
−
1
)
=
1
−
cos
y
u = {\color{red}-(\cos y - 1)} = 1 - \cos y
u=−(cosy−1)=1−cosy ,
v
=
−
cot
y
v = -\cot y
v=−coty , 再利用公式 (1)
lim
y
→
0
[
1
−
(
cos
y
−
1
)
]
−
cot
y
=
lim
y
→
0
e
(
cos
y
−
1
)
∗
(
−
cot
y
)
=
lim
y
→
0
e
(
1
−
cos
y
)
cot
y
=
lim
y
→
0
e
(
1
−
cos
y
)
cos
y
tan
y
\begin{aligned} \lim_{y \rightarrow0} [1-(\cos y-1)]^{-\cot y} &= \lim_{y \rightarrow0} e^{(\cos y-1)*(-\cot y)} \\ &= \lim_{y \rightarrow0} e^{(1-\cos y)\cot y} \\ & = \lim_{y \rightarrow0} e^{\frac{(1-\cos y)\cos y}{\tan y}} \end{aligned}
y→0lim[1−(cosy−1)]−coty=y→0lime(cosy−1)∗(−coty)=y→0lime(1−cosy)coty=y→0limetany(1−cosy)cosy
再考虑:
1
−
cos
y
∼
y
2
2
1-\cos y \sim \frac{y^2}{2}
1−cosy∼2y2,
cos
y
→
1
\cos y \rightarrow 1
cosy→1
lim
y
→
0
e
(
1
−
cos
y
)
cos
y
tan
y
=
lim
y
→
0
e
y
2
2
y
=
e
lim
y
→
0
y
2
2
y
=
e
0
=
1
\lim_{y \rightarrow0} e^{\frac{(1-\cos y)\cos y}{\tan y}}=\lim_{y \rightarrow0} e^{\frac{y^2}{2y}}=e^{\lim_{y \rightarrow0} \frac{y^2}{2y} }=e^0=1
y→0limetany(1−cosy)cosy=y→0lime2yy2=elimy→02yy2=e0=1