陶哲轩实分析（上）9.8及习题-Analysis I 9.8

这一节讲单调函数，虽然也很短，但单调函数性质很好，易应用，给出的两个例子一个是反函数的存在性（在讲反函数微分时会用到），另一个是构建n次方根的alternative method。习题不错

Exercise 9.8.1

If $a<b$ and $f:[a,b]\to \mathbf{R}$ is a monotonic function on $[a,b]$, then suppose first $f$ is monotonic increasing, we have $f(b)\ge f(x),\forall x\in [a,b]$, and $f(a)\le f(x),\forall x\in [a,b]$, so $f$ attain its maximum at $b$ and its minimum at $a$, if $f$ is strictly increasing, the proof is the same.
Suppose next that $f$ is monotonic decreasing, we have $f(a)\ge f(x),\forall x\in [a,b]$, and $f(b)\le f(x),\forall x\in [a,b]$, so $f$ attain its maximum at a and its minimum at $b$, if $f$ is strictly increasing, the proof is the same.

Exercise 9.8.2

Let $f:[-1,1]\to \mathbf{R}$ be defined as:
$$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{ll}x,& x\in [-1,0)\\ x+1,& x\in [0,1]\end{array}$$
Then $f$ is strictly monotone (thus monotone), $f(-1)=-1$ and $f(1)=2$, but no element in $[-1,1]$ could make $f(x)=1/2$.

Exercise 9.8.3

We shall divide into three cases: $f(a)=f(b),f(a)<f(b),f(a)>f(b)$. The first case is obviously a contradiction to $f$ is one-to-one. So we only consider the last two cases.
Case $f(a)<f(b)$. Assume we can find $x<y\in [a,b]$ s.t. $f(x)\ge f(y)$, since $f$ is one-to-one we can’t have $f(x)=f(y)$, so we can only assume $f(x)>f(y)$. Since $x<y$, we have $y\ne a$. So if $f(a)>f(y)$, then $f(y)<f(a)<f(b)$, by the intermediate value theorem, $\exists c\in [y,b]$, s.t. $f(c)=f(a)$, this contradicts the fact that $f$ is one-to-one. If $f(a)<f(y)$, then $f(a)<f(y)<f(x)$, by the intermediate value theorem, $\exists c\in [a,x]$, s.t. $f(c)=f(y)$, this again contradicts the fact that $f$ is one-to-one. So ∀ x < y ∈ [ a , b ] , f ( x ) < f ( y )