前面两篇文章的分析只是讲述了窗口创建过程，但是里面还有部分细节并没有涉及，本文接着介绍这些内容，并详细讲述如何将osg嵌入到常用的窗口系统中：
- 窗口的创建补充
在窗口创建过程中还有一个地方并没有讲述清楚，就是：为什么osg可以识别我想创建的窗口是Win32的？为什么它不会创建其他的窗口设备（如GraphicsWindowCocoa、GraphicsWindowX11）。
在osgViewer::Viewer的realize实现中，如果我们没有配置环境变量OSG_WINDOW和OSG_SCREEN，那么默认情况下osg会为我们创建一个全屏的窗口，它调用AcrossAllScreens中的configure函数进行配置，在配置函数configure代码中有下面这段代码：
unsigned int width, height;
wsi->getScreenResolution(si, width, height);
osg::ref_ptr<osg::GraphicsContext::Traits> traits = new osg::GraphicsContext::Traits(ds);
traits->hostName = si.hostName;
traits->displayNum = si.displayNum;
traits->screenNum = si.screenNum;
traits->screenNum = i;
traits->x = 0;
traits->y = 0;
traits->width = width;
traits->height = height;
traits->windowDecoration = false;
traits->doubleBuffer = true;
traits->sharedContext = 0;
osg::ref_ptr<osg::GraphicsContext> gc = osg::GraphicsContext::createGraphicsContext(traits.get());
osg::ref_ptr<osg::Camera> camera = new osg::Camera;
camera->setGraphicsContext(gc.get());
通过配置窗口的特性（traits），在调用osg::GraphicsContext中的createGraphicsContext函数来创建设备上下文，看该函数的详细实现：
GraphicsContext* GraphicsContext::createGraphicsContext(Traits* traits)
{
ref_ptr<GraphicsContext::WindowingSystemInterface> &wsref = windowingSystemInterfaceRef();
if ( wsref.valid())
{
// catch any undefined values.
if (traits) traits->setUndefinedScreenDetailsToDefaultScreen();
return wsref->createGraphicsContext(traits);
}
else
return 0;
}windowingSystemInterfaceRef if (traits->pbuffer)
{
osg::ref_ptr<osgViewer::PixelBufferWin32> pbuffer = new PixelBufferWin32(traits);
if (pbuffer->valid()) return pbuffer.release();
else return 0;
}
else
{
registerWindowClasses();
osg::ref_ptr<osgViewer::GraphicsWindowWin32> window = new GraphicsWindowWin32(traits);
if (window->valid()) return window.release();
else return 0;
} if (_windowClassesRegistered) return;
//
// Register the window classes used by OSG GraphicsWindowWin32 instances
//
std::ostringstream str;
str << "OSG Graphics Window for Win32 [" << ::GetCurrentProcessId() << "]";
osgGraphicsWindowWithCursorClass = str.str() + "{ with cursor }";
osgGraphicsWindowWithoutCursorClass = str.str() + "{ without cursor }";
WNDCLASSEX wc;
HINSTANCE hinst = ::GetModuleHandle(NULL);
//
// First class: class for OSG Graphics Window with a cursor enabled
//
wc.cbSize = sizeof(wc);
wc.style = CS_DBLCLKS | CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC;
wc.lpfnWndProc = WindowProc;
wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
wc.hInstance = hinst;
wc.hIcon = ::LoadIcon(hinst, "OSG_ICON");
wc.hCursor = ::LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hbrBackground = NULL;
wc.lpszMenuName = 0;
wc.lpszClassName = osgGraphicsWindowWithCursorClass.c_str();
wc.hIconSm = NULL;
if (::RegisterClassEx(&wc)==0)
{
unsigned int lastError = ::GetLastError();
if (lastError!=ERROR_CLASS_ALREADY_EXISTS)
{
reportError("Win32WindowingSystem::registerWindowClasses() - Unable to register first window class", lastError);
return;
}
}
那么为什么是Win32的窗口了，这是因为在编译OSG的过程中我们已经选择了一个窗口系统进行编译（在cmake中可以查看)，比如我是在Win32下进行编译的，那么GraphicsWindowWin32.cpp的代码生成到了我的osgViewer.dll中，在GraphicsWindowWin32中有如下一段代码：
struct RegisterWindowingSystemInterfaceProxy
{
RegisterWindowingSystemInterfaceProxy()
{
osg::GraphicsContext::setWindowingSystemInterface(Win32WindowingSystem::getInterface());
}
~RegisterWindowingSystemInterfaceProxy()
{
if (osg::Referenced::getDeleteHandler())
{
osg::Referenced::getDeleteHandler()->setNumFramesToRetainObjects(0);
osg::Referenced::getDeleteHandler()->flushAll();
}
osg::GraphicsContext::setWindowingSystemInterface(0);
}
};
static RegisterWindowingSystemInterfaceProxy createWindowingSystemInterfaceProxy;它声明了一个全局的变量，使用了
setWindowingSystemInterface
声明是Win32的窗口系统，这个语句的调用作了下面的事情：
void GraphicsContext::setWindowingSystemInterface(WindowingSystemInterface* callback)
{
ref_ptr<GraphicsContext::WindowingSystemInterface> &wsref = windowingSystemInterfaceRef();
wsref = callback;
OSG_INFO<<"GraphicsContext::setWindowingSystemInterface() "<<wsref.get()<<"\t"<<&wsref<<std::endl;
}static ref_ptr<GraphicsContext::WindowingSystemInterface> &windowingSystemInterfaceRef()
{
static ref_ptr<GraphicsContext::WindowingSystemInterface> s_WindowingSystemInterface;
return s_WindowingSystemInterface;
}
当在WindowingSystemInterface这个函数在
createGraphicsContext
的时候，它会获取到这个已经被初始化的静态变量，这个变量的类型就是Win32窗口类型的，所以最终产生的窗口是Win32的。
总结一下就是： GraphicsContext这个最上层的抽象类中保留了一个用来标示窗口类型的指针，而这个指针在GraphicsWindowWin32.cpp中被赋值了（这个赋值过程由于是初始化一个全局的变量，它甚至在进入程序main函数之前就完成了），然后窗口在创建过程中调用createGraphicsWindow获取了这个指针，并依据这个指针的信息（Win32类型的窗口信息）创建了窗口（当然就是Win32的窗口）。
- win32中的使用
我们可以参考OSG中的代码将窗口嵌入到Win32的程序中：
#include <windows.h>
#include <osgViewer/Viewer>
#include <osgViewer/ViewerEventHandlers>
#include <osgViewer/api/win32/GraphicsWindowWin32>
#include <osgUtil/Optimizer>
#include <osgGA/TrackballManipulator>
#include <osgDB/ReadFile>
#include <process.h>
osg::ref_ptr<osgViewer::Viewer> viewer;
osg::observer_ptr<osgViewer::GraphicsWindow> window;
osg::ref_ptr<osg::Group> root;
osg::ref_ptr<osg::Node> loadedModel;
osgUtil::Optimizer optimizer;
osg::ref_ptr<osg::GraphicsContext::Traits> traits;
osg::ref_ptr<osg::Referenced> windata;
osg::GraphicsContext* gc;
osg::ref_ptr<osg::Camera> camera;
bool renderok;
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("HelloWin");
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASS wndclass;
wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndclass.hInstance = hInstance;
wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName;
if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass))
{
MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program requires Windows NT!"), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
return 0;
}
hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, // window class name
TEXT("The Hello Program"), // window caption
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, // window style
100, // initial x position
100, // initial y position
800, // initial x size
600, // initial y size
NULL, // parent window handle
NULL, // window menu handle
hInstance, // program instance handle
NULL); // creation parameters
ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(hwnd);
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
return (int)msg.wParam;
}
void render(void* ptr)
{
while (!viewer->done())
{
viewer->frame();
}
renderok = true;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch (message)
{
case WM_CREATE:
root = new osg::Group;
loadedModel = osgDB::readNodeFile("glider.osg");
if (!loadedModel)
return 1;
optimizer.optimize(loadedModel.get());
optimizer.reset();
root->addChild(loadedModel.get());
traits = new osg::GraphicsContext::Traits;
windata = new osgViewer::GraphicsWindowWin32::WindowData(hwnd);
traits->x = 0;
traits->y = 0;
traits->width = 800;
traits->height = 600;
traits->windowDecoration = false;
traits->doubleBuffer = true;
traits->sharedContext = 0;
traits->inheritedWindowData = windata;
traits->setInheritedWindowPixelFormat = true;
gc = osg::GraphicsContext::createGraphicsContext(traits.get());
camera = new osg::Camera;
camera->setGraphicsContext(gc);
camera->setViewport(new osg::Viewport(traits->x, traits->y, traits->width, traits->height));
viewer = new osgViewer::Viewer;
viewer->addSlave(camera.get());
viewer->setSceneData(root.get());
viewer->setCameraManipulator(new osgGA::TrackballManipulator);
viewer->addEventHandler(new osgViewer::StatsHandler);
viewer->setThreadingModel(osgViewer::Viewer::SingleThreaded);
viewer->realize();
renderok = false;
_beginthread(render, 0, NULL);
return 0;
case WM_PAINT:
return 0;
case WM_DESTROY:
viewer->setDone(true);
while (!renderok)
{
Sleep(10);
}
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
事实上我们可以直接使用osgViewer::Viewer来创建窗口，让整个创建过程在osg中完成（也就是说在上面的Win32中的注册窗口类代码，事件处理等有osg内部实现），当我们需要窗口的时候，我们可以从GraphicsContext（Win32中是GraphicsWindowWin32）中获取到窗口的句柄（_hwnd），窗口的DC，以及OpenGL的渲染上下文HGLRC，然后对得到的句柄或其他资源进行操作（例如添加菜单、ToolBar栏等），窗口的大小如果不设置默认是全屏的，可以使用SetUpViewInWindow来设置大小和窗口的初始位置。
osg窗口创建的文章参考了网络上的一些资料，包括：
1. 王锐《最长的一帧》
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