工业相机为什么要加镜头_为什么相机镜头又大又重？

工业相机为什么要加镜头

The mirrorless camera revolution was meant to bring about smaller, lighter camera gear but in reality, camera manufacturers have just taken the opportunity to make bigger, better lenses. The why comes down to the physics of lenses.

无反光镜相机革命旨在带来更小，更轻的相机装备，但实际上， 相机制造商只是趁机制造了更大，更好的镜头 。 原因归结为镜片的物理性质。

操作焦距很复杂 (Manipulating Focal Length is Complicated)

The focal length of a lens—which we’ve looked at in depth before—is the distance between the rear nodal point and the focal point. In a simple convex lens, it’s the distance between the center of the lens and the focal point. However, no camera lens is a simple convex lens; they’re all “compound lenses” which are lenses made from a combination of individual lenses called “lens elements.”

镜头的焦距( 我们之前已经深入研究过)是后节点与焦点之间的距离。 在简单的凸透镜中，它是透镜中心与焦点之间的距离。 但是，没有相机镜头是简单的凸透镜。 它们都是“复合镜片”，是由称为“镜片元件”的单个镜片组合而成的镜片。

Cameras have a “flange focal distance” that is the distance between the lens mount and the sensor. On Canon’s DSLRs, for example, it’s 44mm. The problem for camera manufacturers is that manipulating focal length is complicated and generally involves adding more lens elements that make things bigger and heavier. The reason Canon’s EF 40mm lens is their smallest is that it so closely matches the flange focal distance and thus requires very few lens elements.

相机具有“法兰焦距”，即镜头座和传感器之间的距离。 例如，在佳能的数码单反相机上，它是44毫米。 相机制造商面临的问题是，操纵焦距很复杂，通常需要添加更多的镜头元件，从而使镜头变得更大，更重。 佳能EF 40mm镜头最小的原因是它与法兰的焦距非常接近，因此只需要很少的镜头元件。

The further you move away from the flange focal distance, in either direction, the bigger a lens is going to be. A 600 mm lens doesn’t need to be 60cm long, but for it not to be 60cm long—which it would be if it were a simple convex lens—the optical design is complicated. It’s the same with an 11mm fisheye lens.

沿任一方向远离法兰焦距的距离越远，镜头将越大。 600毫米镜头不必长60厘米，但不必长60厘米(如果它是简单的凸透镜，就可以了)，光学设计很复杂。 与11mm鱼眼镜头相同。

There is a small sweet spot, between about 24mm and 50mm where it’s possible to make lenses that aren’t as big but, for everything else, the optics of manipulating focal length are a significant barrier to miniaturization.

在约24mm至50mm之间有一个很小的最佳位置，可以制造不大的透镜，但是，对于其他所有方面，操纵焦距的光学器件都是小型化的重要障碍。

光圈是硬性限制 (Aperture is a Hard Limit)

Aperture is a function of focal length. When we talk about f/5.6, what we’re saying is that the lens iris is open to the focal length divided by 5.6. For example, a 50mm at f/2 has a lens iris opening of 25mm; at f/8, the iris is open to 6.25mm.

光圈是焦距的函数 。 当我们谈论f / 5.6时，我们的意思是镜头光圈对焦距除以5.6是开放的。 例如，f / 2处的50mm镜头光圈开口为25mm； 在f / 8时，光圈打开至6.25mm。

While this isn’t a concern for wide angle lenses, it very quickly becomes an issue for fast telephoto lenses. Take the incredibly popular Canon 70-200 f/2.8: at 70mm the lens iris is 25mm wide, but at 200mm it’s 71.5mm. This means that assuming infinitely thin materials, the minimum possible size of the front element of the lens is about 72mm—in reality, it’s 88.8mm—and there’s just no way to make it smaller.

尽管这对于广角镜头而言不是问题，但对于快速远摄镜头而言 ，这很快成为一个问题。 以非常受欢迎的佳能70-200 f / 2.8为例：70毫米镜头光圈为25毫米宽，而200毫米镜头光圈为71.5毫米。 这意味着，假设使用无限薄的材料，则镜头前部元件的最小可能尺寸约为72毫米(实际上为88.8毫米) ，并且没有办法使其变小。

No matter what Canon—or Nikon or Sony—wants, they physically can’t make a 200mm f/2.8 lens with a front element smaller than 80mm or so. The laws of physics won’t budge.

无论佳能(无论是尼康还是索尼)想要什么，他们实际上都无法制作前镜头小于80mm左右的200mm f / 2.8镜头。 物理定律不会动摇。

技术发展是一个问题 (Technical Developments are an Issue)

A lot of old lenses just weren’t very good. They had charm, but the autofocus was off, there was regularly heavy vignetting or distortion, and the image wasn’t sharp across the entire frame. Modern lenses have solved a lot of these problems by adding more lens elements, which of course, also add more size and weight.

很多旧的镜头不是很好。 他们有魅力，但是自动对焦功能关闭了， 经常出现晕影或扭曲 ，并且整个画面的图像都不清晰。 现代镜片通过添加更多的镜片元件解决了许多这些问题，当然，镜片元件也增加了尺寸和重量。

Similarly, modern developments like powerful image stabilization add yet more weight to already heavy lenses.

同样， 强大的图像稳定等现代技术为已经很笨重的镜头增加了更多的重量。

And let’s not forget zoom lenses. A prime lens will (almost) always be smaller and lighter than a zoom lens that covers the same focal length because they’re much simpler. Zoom lenses take, you guessed it, more lens elements and moving parts.

而且，别忘了变焦镜头。 一个定焦镜头会(几乎)总是比覆盖相同的焦距，因为他们是更简单的变焦镜头更小更轻。 您猜想变焦镜头需要更多的镜头元件和运动部件。

真的，物理是问题 (Really, Physics is the Problem)

What the issue boils down to is that the laws of physics are a pain in the ass.

问题归结为，物理定律是一个难题。

Optics is a well studied and complicated field. Manipulating light so that far off objects appear closer or close up objects appear further away, while blurring backgrounds or keeping everything in focus, and maintaining a high level of image quality just requires big, heavy lenses.

光学是一个经过深入研究和复杂的领域。 操纵光以使距离较远的物体看起来更近或使距离较近的物体看起来更远，同时使背景模糊或使所有焦点保持聚焦，并保持较高的图像质量，只需要使用笨重的大镜头即可。

The dream of professional cameras getting smaller is just that for the time being: a dream.

专业相机变小的梦想只是暂时的梦想。

Image Credit: l i g h t p o e t/Shuterstock, LeonRW

图片提供：Leon gh tp o et / Shuterstock， LeonRW

翻译自: https://www.howtogeek.com/393047/why-are-camera-lenses-so-big-and-heavy/

工业相机为什么要加镜头