Linux --help指令解读 学习指令不用愁

Linux指令千千万，记也记不住，那该怎么办。好在有help信息，那么学习help的内容从而学会如何使用指令我觉得才是学习指令的关键所在。

先看一下指令的基本格式和基本用法

[deng@localhost ~]$ command [-options] parameter1 parameter2 …

command [options] [arguments]
命令（command)：linux上的shell操作文件的可执行程序
分为内部命令和外部命令
内部命令：shell自带程序，通过命令形式提供
外部命令：当前系统文件路径下有对应命令的可执行程序

选项（options）：用于启动或关闭命令特定功能
        短选项： -c 例如： -l, -h 短选项可合并 -lh
        长选项： --world 例如： --all，--human

参数（arguments）：命令的作用对象，可以是文本文件，目录，用户等各种文件

1.command 绝对是 指令（command）或者可执行的文件

2.[-options] 不包含 ‘ [ ]’，代表指令的选项 ，缩写选项为‘-’ 全称用‘–’如 ‘–help’

3.parameter1 parameter2 表示命令的参数或者选项的参数

4.指令, 选项, 参数等中间以空格来区分，不论空几格 shell 都视为一格。所以空
格是很重要的特殊字符

5.按下[Enter]按键后，该指令就立即执行。[Enter]按键代表着一行指令的开始启动

6.[TAB]按键他具有“命令补全”与“文件补齐”的功能，在输入命令是按下两下Tab 会出现命令补全

deng@localhost ~]$ ca
cacertdir_rehash     cache_writeback      canberra-boot        case
cache_check          cairo-sphinx         canberra-gtk-play    cat
cache_dump           cal                  cancel               catchsegv
cache_metadata_size  ca-legacy            cancel.cups          catman
cache_repair         calibrate_ppa        capsh                
cache_restore        caller               captoinfo  

在参数输入阶段

deng@localhost ~]$ ls --
--all                                      --indicator-style=
--almost-all                               --inode
--author                                   --kibibytes
--block-size=                              --lcontext
--classify                                 --literal
--color                                    --no-group
--color=                                   --numeric-uid-gid
--context                                  --quote-name
--dereference                              --quoting-style=
--dereference-command-line                 --recursive
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir  --reverse
--directory                                --scontext
--dired                                    --show-control-chars
--escape                                   --si
--file-type                                --size
--format=                                  --sort
--group-directories-first                  --sort=
--help                                     --tabsize=
--hide=                                    --time=
--hide-control-chars                       --time-style=
--human-readable                           --version
--ignore=                                  --width=
--ignore-backups                           
[deng@localhost ~]$ ls --

[Ctrl]-c 按键

强制停止程序

现在学习一下 --helpde的使用方法

[deng@localhost ~]$ date --help

Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
  or:  date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
  -d, --date=STRING         display time described by STRING, not 'now'
  -f, --file=DATEFILE       like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
  -I[TIMESPEC], --iso-8601[=TIMESPEC]  output date/time in ISO 8601 format.
                            TIMESPEC='date' for date only (the default),
                            'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', or 'ns' for date
                            and time to the indicated precision.
  -r, --reference=FILE      display the last modification time of FILE
  -R, --rfc-2822            output date and time in RFC 2822 format.
                            Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600
      --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC   output date and time in RFC 3339 format.
                            TIMESPEC='date', 'seconds', or 'ns' for
                            date and time to the indicated precision.
                            Date and time components are separated by
                            a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00
  -s, --set=STRING          set time described by STRING
  -u, --utc, --universal    print or set Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

FORMAT controls the output.  Interpreted sequences are:

  %%   a literal %
  %a   locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
  %A   locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
  %b   locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
  %B   locale's full month name (e.g., January)
  %c   locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar  3 23:05:25 2005)
  %C   century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
  %d   day of month (e.g., 01)
  %D   date; same as %m/%d/%y
  %e   day of month, space padded; same as %_d
  %F   full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
  %g   last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
  %G   year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
  %h   same as %b
  %H   hour (00..23)
  %I   hour (01..12)
  %j   day of year (001..366)
  %k   hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H
  %l   hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I
  %m   month (01..12)
  %M   minute (00..59)
  %n   a newline
  %N   nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
  %p   locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
  %P   like %p, but lower case
  %r   locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
  %R   24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
  %s   seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
  %S   second (00..60)
  %t   a tab
  %T   time; same as %H:%M:%S
  %u   day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
  %U   week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
  %V   ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
  %w   day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
  %W   week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
  %x   locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
  %X   locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
  %y   last two digits of year (00..99)
  %Y   year
  %z   +hhmm numeric time zone (e.g., -0400)
  %:z  +hh:mm numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00)
  %::z  +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
  %:::z  numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
  %Z   alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)

By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.
The following optional flags may follow '%':

  -  (hyphen) do not pad the field
  _  (underscore) pad with spaces
  0  (zero) pad with zeros
  ^  use upper case if possible
  #  use opposite case if possible

After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number;
then an optional modifier, which is either
E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or
O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available.

Examples:
Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to a date
  $ date --date='@2147483647'

Show the time on the west coast of the US (use tzselect(1) to find TZ)
  $ TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date

Show the local time for 9AM next Friday on the west coast of the US
  $ date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri'

GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'date invocation'

Usage: date [OPTION]… [+FORMAT]
or: date [-u|–utc|–universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.

用法有两种

序号	用法
1	Display the current time in the given FORMAT
2	set the system date

[OPTION] 与之匹配的是 - 开头的部分

-d, --date=STRING         display time described by STRING, not 'now'
  -f, --file=DATEFILE       like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
  -I[TIMESPEC], --iso-8601[=TIMESPEC]  output date/time in ISO 8601 format.
                            TIMESPEC='date' for date only (the default),
                            'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', or 'ns' for date
                            and time to the indicated precision.
  -r, --reference=FILE      display the last modification time of FILE
  -R, --rfc-2822            output date and time in RFC 2822 format.
                            Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600
      --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC   output date and time in RFC 3339 format.
                            TIMESPEC='date', 'seconds', or 'ns' for
                            date and time to the indicated precision.
                            Date and time components are separated by
                            a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00
  -s, --set=STRING          set time described by STRING
  -u, --utc, --universal    print or set Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

format 部分就是 % 的内容

Display the current time in the given FORMAT
这里我们对FORMAT的意思还是不太了解，只能召唤男人了 man date

Display the current time in the given FORMAT

DATE(1)                             User Commands                            DATE(1)


DATE STRING
       The --date=STRING is a mostly free format human readable date string such  as
       "Sun,  29  Feb  2004  16:21:42  -0800" or "2004-02-29 16:21:42" or even "next
       Thursday".  A date string may contain items indicating calendar date, time of
       day,  time  zone, day of week, relative time, relative date, and numbers.  An
       empty string indicates the beginning of the day.  The date string  format  is
       more  complex  than  is  easily documented here but is fully described in the
       info documentation.

AUTHOR
       Written by David MacKenzie.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+: GNU GPL ver‐
       sion 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This  is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.  There is
       NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       The full documentation for date is maintained as a Texinfo  manual.   If  the
       info and date programs are properly installed at your site, the command

看到FORMAT的意思了，我们按照

DATE STRING
       The --date=STRING is a mostly free format human readable date string such  as
       "Sun,  29  Feb  2004  16:21:42  -0800" or "2004-02-29 16:21:42" or even "next
       Thursday".  A date string may contain items indicating calendar date, time of
       day,  time  zone, day of week, relative time, relative date, and numbers.  An
       empty string indicates the beginning of the day.  The date string  format  is
       more  complex  than  is  easily documented here but is fully described in the
       info documentation.

以上是FORMAT string部分的解释

[deng@localhost ~]$ date --date 2004-02-29 16:21:42
date: the argument ‘16:21:42’ lacks a leading '+';
when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option
argument must be a format string beginning with '+'
Try 'date --help' for more information.

[deng@localhost ~]$ date --date='2004-02-29 16:21:42'
Sun Feb 29 16:21:42 PST 2004

尝试了几次之后终于OK了

–date=STRING
按照这个格式带入STRING就可以了

在终端机模式中，如果你知道某个指令，但却忘记了相关选项与参数，请先善用 --help
的功能来查询相关信息；
当有任何你不知道的指令或文件格式这种玩意儿，但是你想要了解他，请赶快使用man
或者是info来查询！
而如果你想要架设一些其他的服务，或想要利用一整组软件来达成某项功能时，请赶快
到/usr/share/doc 下面查一查有没有该服务的说明文档喔！

现在看一下改变文件用户组的命令 chgrp

[deng@localhost ~]$ chgrp --help

Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
  or:  chgrp [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
Change the group of each FILE to GROUP.
With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE.

  -c, --changes          like verbose but report only when a change is made
  -f, --silent, --quiet  suppress most error messages
  -v, --verbose          output a diagnostic for every file processed
      --dereference      affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is
                         the default), rather than the symbolic link itself
  -h, --no-dereference   affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file
                         (useful only on systems that can change the
                         ownership of a symlink)
      --no-preserve-root  do not treat '/' specially (the default)
      --preserve-root    fail to operate recursively on '/'
      --reference=RFILE  use RFILE's group rather than specifying a
                         GROUP value
  -R, --recursive        operate on files and directories recursively

The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R
option is also specified.  If more than one is specified, only the final
one takes effect.

  -H                     if a command line argument is a symbolic link
                         to a directory, traverse it
  -L                     traverse every symbolic link to a directory
                         encountered
  -P                     do not traverse any symbolic links (default)

      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

Examples:
  chgrp staff /u      Change the group of /u to "staff".
  chgrp -hR staff /u  Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff".

GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'chgrp invocation'

[deng@localhost ~]$ command [-options] parameter1 parameter2 …
显然键入的第一个是命令，然后是选项，最后是参数。我们要求改的用户组名和文件名显然是参数。现在先确定选项或者不输入选项使用默认选项
Examples:
chgrp staff /u Change the group of /u to “staff”.
chgrp -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to “staff”.

[deng@localhost ~]$ ls -all               查看所有文件和权限
total 36
drwx------. 15 deng deng 4096 Nov 13 22:52 .
drwxr-xr-x.  5 root root   43 Nov 11 03:50 ..
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 1052 Nov 13 22:37 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng   18 Mar 31  2020 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  193 Mar 31  2020 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  231 Mar 31  2020 .bashrc
drwx------. 17 deng deng 4096 Nov 11 05:05 .cache
drwxr-xr-x. 15 deng deng  272 Nov 10 16:56 .config
drwx------.  3 deng deng   25 Nov  9 20:09 .dbus
drwxr-xr-x.  3 deng deng   17 Nov 10 16:56 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Documents
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Downloads
-rw-------.  1 deng deng   16 Nov  9 20:09 .esd_auth
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 2170 Nov 13 22:52 .ICEauthority
drwx------.  3 deng deng   19 Nov  9 20:09 .local
-rw-rw-r--.  1 deng deng    1 Nov 11 23:03 mm            对这个文件进行权限变更
drwxr-xr-x.  4 deng deng   39 Nov  9 19:17 .mozilla
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Music
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Public
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Templates
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Videos
[deng@localhost ~]$ chgrp root ./mm                      按照help例子键入命令
chgrp: changing group of ‘./mm’: Operation not permitted  提示无权限
[deng@localhost ~]$ su root                               切换root
Password: 
[root@localhost deng]# chgrp root ./mm					再次变更权限
[root@localhost deng]# ls -all							查看文件列表
total 36
drwx------. 15 deng deng 4096 Nov 13 22:52 .
drwxr-xr-x.  5 root root   43 Nov 11 03:50 ..
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 1052 Nov 13 22:37 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng   18 Mar 31  2020 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  193 Mar 31  2020 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  231 Mar 31  2020 .bashrc
drwx------. 17 deng deng 4096 Nov 11 05:05 .cache
drwxr-xr-x. 15 deng deng  272 Nov 10 16:56 .config
drwx------.  3 deng deng   25 Nov  9 20:09 .dbus
drwxr-xr-x.  3 deng deng   17 Nov 10 16:56 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Documents
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Downloads
-rw-------.  1 deng deng   16 Nov  9 20:09 .esd_auth
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 2170 Nov 13 22:52 .ICEauthority
drwx------.  3 deng deng   19 Nov  9 20:09 .local
-rw-rw-r--.  1 deng root    1 Nov 11 23:03 mm           权限已经该表
drwxr-xr-x.  4 deng deng   39 Nov  9 19:17 .mozilla
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Music
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Public
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Templates
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Videos
[root@localhost deng]# 

按照这个方法来看 chown

[root@localhost deng]# chown --help
Usage: chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
  or:  chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE.

  -c, --changes          like verbose but report only when a change is made
  -f, --silent, --quiet  suppress most error messages
  -v, --verbose          output a diagnostic for every file processed
      --dereference      affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is
                         the default), rather than the symbolic link itself
  -h, --no-dereference   affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file
                         (useful only on systems that can change the
                         ownership of a symlink)
      --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP
                         change the owner and/or group of each file only if
                         its current owner and/or group match those specified
                         here.  Either may be omitted, in which case a match
                         is not required for the omitted attribute
      --no-preserve-root  do not treat '/' specially (the default)
      --preserve-root    fail to operate recursively on '/'
      --reference=RFILE  use RFILE's owner and group rather than
                         specifying OWNER:GROUP values
  -R, --recursive        operate on files and directories recursively

The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R
option is also specified.  If more than one is specified, only the final
one takes effect.

  -H                     if a command line argument is a symbolic link
                         to a directory, traverse it
  -L                     traverse every symbolic link to a directory
                         encountered
  -P                     do not traverse any symbolic links (default)

      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

Owner is unchanged if missing.  Group is unchanged if missing, but changed
to login group if implied by a ':' following a symbolic OWNER.
OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic.

Examples:
  chown root /u        Change the owner of /u to "root".
  chown root:staff /u  Likewise, but also change its group to "staff".
  chown -hR root /u    Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root".

GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'chown invocation'

Usage: chown [OPTION]… [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE…
or: chown [OPTION]… --reference=RFILE FILE…
Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE.

用来该表文件或者文件夹的拥有者
这个命令看起来有点奇怪 chown [OPTION]… [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE…
按照命令格式进行解析 [deng@localhost ~]$ command [-options] parameter1 parameter2 …
显然 [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE… 就是参数 那为什么长这个样子 看到解释

Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
owner and/or group

应该就是这里，还可以改组。

Examples:
chown root /u Change the owner of /u to “root”.
chown root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to “staff”.
chown -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to “root”.

没错我们在第二个例子里面看到了，chown root:staff /u 这指令可以把组和拥有者一起改了

[root@localhost deng]# ls -all                     先查看文件权限
total 36
drwx------. 15 deng deng 4096 Nov 13 22:52 .
drwxr-xr-x.  5 root root   43 Nov 11 03:50 ..
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 1052 Nov 13 22:37 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng   18 Mar 31  2020 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  193 Mar 31  2020 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  231 Mar 31  2020 .bashrc
drwx------. 17 deng deng 4096 Nov 11 05:05 .cache
drwxr-xr-x. 15 deng deng  272 Nov 10 16:56 .config
drwx------.  3 deng deng   25 Nov  9 20:09 .dbus
drwxr-xr-x.  3 deng deng   17 Nov 10 16:56 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Documents
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Downloads
-rw-------.  1 deng deng   16 Nov  9 20:09 .esd_auth
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 2170 Nov 13 22:52 .ICEauthority
drwx------.  3 deng deng   19 Nov  9 20:09 .local
-rw-rw-r--.  1 deng root    1 Nov 11 23:03 mm     修改的目标文件
drwxr-xr-x.  4 deng deng   39 Nov  9 19:17 .mozilla
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Music
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Public
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Templates
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Videos
[root@localhost deng]# chown root ./mm          own改为root
[root@localhost deng]# ls -all
total 36
drwx------. 15 deng deng 4096 Nov 13 22:52 .
drwxr-xr-x.  5 root root   43 Nov 11 03:50 ..
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 1052 Nov 13 22:37 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng   18 Mar 31  2020 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  193 Mar 31  2020 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  231 Mar 31  2020 .bashrc
drwx------. 17 deng deng 4096 Nov 11 05:05 .cache
drwxr-xr-x. 15 deng deng  272 Nov 10 16:56 .config
drwx------.  3 deng deng   25 Nov  9 20:09 .dbus
drwxr-xr-x.  3 deng deng   17 Nov 10 16:56 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Documents
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Downloads
-rw-------.  1 deng deng   16 Nov  9 20:09 .esd_auth
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 2170 Nov 13 22:52 .ICEauthority
drwx------.  3 deng deng   19 Nov  9 20:09 .local
-rw-rw-r--.  1 root root    1 Nov 11 23:03 mm
drwxr-xr-x.  4 deng deng   39 Nov  9 19:17 .mozilla
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Music
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Public
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Templates
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Videos
[root@localhost deng]# 

所以按照help的指示，成功的修改了owner
来都来了，就试一试组和拥有者一起改

[root@localhost deng]# chown root:deng ./mm
[root@localhost deng]# ls -all
total 36
drwx------. 15 deng deng 4096 Nov 13 22:52 .
drwxr-xr-x.  5 root root   43 Nov 11 03:50 ..
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 1052 Nov 13 22:37 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng   18 Mar 31  2020 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  193 Mar 31  2020 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--.  1 deng deng  231 Mar 31  2020 .bashrc
drwx------. 17 deng deng 4096 Nov 11 05:05 .cache
drwxr-xr-x. 15 deng deng  272 Nov 10 16:56 .config
drwx------.  3 deng deng   25 Nov  9 20:09 .dbus
drwxr-xr-x.  3 deng deng   17 Nov 10 16:56 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Documents
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Downloads
-rw-------.  1 deng deng   16 Nov  9 20:09 .esd_auth
-rw-------.  1 deng deng 2170 Nov 13 22:52 .ICEauthority
drwx------.  3 deng deng   19 Nov  9 20:09 .local
-rw-rw-r--.  1 root deng    1 Nov 11 23:03 mm
drwxr-xr-x.  4 deng deng   39 Nov  9 19:17 .mozilla
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Music
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Public
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Templates
drwxr-xr-x.  2 deng deng    6 Nov  9 20:09 Videos
[root@localhost deng]# 

OK了