UnityShader学习笔记 透明效果

深度缓冲(Z-Buffer)

用于解决可见性问题,决定哪个物体的哪些部分会被会被渲染在前面,而哪些部分会被其他物体遮挡.

它的基本思想是:根据深度缓冲中的值来判断该片元距离摄像机的距离,当渲染一个片元时,如果开启了深度测试,需要将它的深度值和深度缓冲中的值进行比较,如果它的值距离摄像机更远,那么这个片元不该被渲染到屏幕上;否则,如果开启了深度写入,那么则需要将当前片元的深度值更新到深度缓冲中

 

透明度测试和透明度混合

透明度测试:

不需要关闭深度写入,只要一个片元的透明度不满足某个条件(通常是小于某个阈值),那么它将被舍弃,要么看不到,要么完全不透明

透明度混合:

会使用当前片元的透明度作为混合因子,与已经存储在颜色缓冲中的颜色值进行混合,但是需要关闭深度写入,没有关闭深度测试

 

渲染顺序的重要性

渲染引擎一般会先对物体进行排序,再渲染,常用的方法是:

但是仍然会有凹面体的模型会打乱这种排序,所以为了尽可能减少错误排序的情况,尽可能让模型是凸面体,并且考虑将复杂的模型拆分成多个子模型

 

Unity Shader提供了渲染队列

 

透明度测试

Shader "Custom/AlphaTest" 
{
	Properties 
	{
		_Color ("Main Tint", Color) = (1,1,1,1)
		_MainTex ("Main Tex", 2D) = "white" {}
		_Cutoff("Alpha Cutoff",Range(0,1)) = 0.5
	}
	SubShader 
	{
		Tags { "Queue" = "AlphaTest" "IgnoreProjector" = "True" "RenderType"="TransparentCutout" }
		Pass
		{
			Tags {"LightMode" = "ForwardBase"}

			Cull Off

			CGPROGRAM
			#pragma vertex vert
			#pragma fragment frag
			#include "Lighting.cginc"

			fixed4 _Color;
			sampler2D _MainTex;
			float4 _MainTex_ST;
			fixed _Cutoff;
			struct a2v
			{
				float4 vertex : POSITION;
				float3 normal : NORMAL;
				float4 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
			};
			struct v2f
			{
				float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
				float3 worldNormal : TEXCOORD0;
				float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD1;
				float2 uv : TEXCOORD2;
			};

			v2f vert(a2v v)
			{
				v2f o;
				o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
				o.worldNormal = UnityObjectToWorldNormal(v.normal);
				o.worldPos = mul(unity_ObjectToWorld , v.vertex).xyz;
				o.uv = TRANSFORM_TEX(v.texcoord, _MainTex);
				return o;
			}

			fixed4 frag(v2f i) : SV_Target
			{
				fixed3 worldNormal = normalize(i.worldNormal);
				fixed3 worldLightDir = normalize(UnityWorldSpaceLightDir(i.worldPos));

				fixed4 texColor = tex2D(_MainTex , i.uv);
				clip(texColor.a - _Cutoff);

				fixed3 albedo = texColor.rgb * _Color.rgb;
				fixed3 ambient = UNITY_LIGHTMODEL_AMBIENT.xyz * albedo;

				fixed3 diffuse = _LightColor0.rgb * albedo * max(0 , dot(worldNormal , worldLightDir));
				return fixed4(ambient + diffuse,1.0);
			}
			ENDCG
		}
	}
	FallBack "Transparent/Cutout/VertexLit"
}

透明度混合

Shader "Custom/AlphaBlend" 
{
	Properties 
	{
		_Color ("Main Tint", Color) = (1,1,1,1)
		_MainTex ("Main Tex", 2D) = "white" {}
		_AlphaScale("Alpha Scale",Range(0,1)) = 1
	}
	SubShader 
	{
		Tags { "Queue" = "Transparent" "IgnoreProjector" = "True" "RenderType"="Transparent" }
		Pass
		{
			Tags {"LightMode" = "ForwardBase"}
			ZWrite Off
			Blend SrcAlpha OneMinusSrcAlpha
			
			CGPROGRAM
			#pragma vertex vert
			#pragma fragment frag
			#include "Lighting.cginc"

			fixed4 _Color;
			sampler2D _MainTex;
			float4 _MainTex_ST;
			fixed _AlphaScale;

			struct a2v
			{
				float4 vertex : POSITION;
				float3 normal : NORMAL;
				float4 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
			};
			struct v2f
			{
				float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
				float3 worldNormal : TEXCOORD0;
				float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD1;
				float2 uv : TEXCOORD2;
			};

			v2f vert(a2v v)
			{
				v2f o;
				o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
				o.worldNormal = UnityObjectToWorldNormal(v.normal);
				o.worldPos = mul(unity_ObjectToWorld , v.vertex).xyz;
				o.uv = TRANSFORM_TEX(v.texcoord, _MainTex);
				return o;
			}

			fixed4 frag(v2f i) : SV_Target
			{
				fixed3 worldNormal = normalize(i.worldNormal);
				fixed3 worldLightDir = normalize(UnityWorldSpaceLightDir(i.worldPos));

				fixed4 texColor = tex2D(_MainTex , i.uv);

				fixed3 albedo = texColor.rgb * _Color.rgb;
				fixed3 ambient = UNITY_LIGHTMODEL_AMBIENT.xyz * albedo;

				fixed3 diffuse = _LightColor0.rgb * albedo * max(0 , dot(worldNormal , worldLightDir));
				return fixed4(ambient + diffuse,texColor.a * _AlphaScale);
			}
			ENDCG
		}
	}
	FallBack "Transparent/VertexLit"
}

开启深度写入的半透明效果

使用两个Pass来渲染模型：第一个开启深度写入，但不输出颜色，仅仅为了把该模型的深度值写入深度缓冲中；第二个进行正常的透明度混合，由于上一个Pass已经按照逐像素得到了正确的深度信息，该Pass就可以按照像素级别的深度排序结果进行透明渲染。

Shader "Custom/AlphaZWrite" 
{
	Properties 
	{
		_Color ("Main Tint", Color) = (1,1,1,1)
		_MainTex ("Main Tex", 2D) = "white" {}
		_AlphaScale("Alpha Scale",Range(0,1)) = 1
	}
	SubShader 
	{
		Tags { "Queue" = "Transparent" "IgnoreProjector" = "True" "RenderType"="Transparent" }
		
		Pass
		{
			ZWrite On
			ColorMask 0
		}

		Pass
		{
			Tags {"LightMode" = "ForwardBase"}
			ZWrite Off
			Blend SrcAlpha OneMinusSrcAlpha
			
			CGPROGRAM
			#pragma vertex vert
			#pragma fragment frag
			#include "Lighting.cginc"

			fixed4 _Color;
			sampler2D _MainTex;
			float4 _MainTex_ST;
			fixed _AlphaScale;

			struct a2v
			{
				float4 vertex : POSITION;
				float3 normal : NORMAL;
				float4 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
			};
			struct v2f
			{
				float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
				float3 worldNormal : TEXCOORD0;
				float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD1;
				float2 uv : TEXCOORD2;
			};

			v2f vert(a2v v)
			{
				v2f o;
				o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
				o.worldNormal = UnityObjectToWorldNormal(v.normal);
				o.worldPos = mul(unity_ObjectToWorld , v.vertex).xyz;
				o.uv = TRANSFORM_TEX(v.texcoord, _MainTex);
				return o;
			}

			fixed4 frag(v2f i) : SV_Target
			{
				fixed3 worldNormal = normalize(i.worldNormal);
				fixed3 worldLightDir = normalize(UnityWorldSpaceLightDir(i.worldPos));

				fixed4 texColor = tex2D(_MainTex , i.uv);

				fixed3 albedo = texColor.rgb * _Color.rgb;
				fixed3 ambient = UNITY_LIGHTMODEL_AMBIENT.xyz * albedo;

				fixed3 diffuse = _LightColor0.rgb * albedo * max(0 , dot(worldNormal , worldLightDir));
				return fixed4(ambient + diffuse,texColor.a * _AlphaScale);
			}
			ENDCG
		}
	}
	FallBack "Transparent/VertexLit"
}

Shaderlab中的混合命令

当使用ShaderLab的BlendOp BlendOperation命令时，支持如下混合操作：

双面渲染的透明效果

对于透明度测试来说，只需要在Pass中增加一行Cull命令即可

对于透明度混合来说，需要把双面渲染的工作分成两个Pass——第一个只渲染背面，第二个只渲染正面