C++职工管理系统2.0：基于多态

正版dongbaba

已于 2023-01-12 12:27:51 修改

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于 2023-01-12 12:23:03 首次发布

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对1.0的改进：1.0更多的是采用面向过程的函数式编程，2.0使用了职工抽象类，使用了多态，并且增加了职工管理员类来使用系统，通过类来调用方法更加符合面向对象的编程思想。

抽象职工类：
worker.h

#pragma once
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

//抽象职工类
class Worker
{
public:

	//展示个人信息
	virtual void display_inf() = 0;//纯虚函数

	//获取岗位名称
	virtual string get_post() = 0;

	Worker();
	~Worker();

	int worker_id;
	string worker_name;
	int worker_post;
};

worker.cpp

#include "worker.h"

Worker::Worker()
{
}

Worker::~Worker()
{
}

普通职工类：
employee.h

#pragma once
#include<iostream>
#include"worker.h"
using namespace std;

class Employee:public Worker
{
public:
	//构造函数
	Employee(int id, string name, int post);

	//显示个人信息

	//获取职工岗位名称

	virtual void display_inf();//虚函数
	virtual string get_post();

	~Employee();


	/*int employee_id;
	string employee_name;
	int employee_post;*/
};

employee.cpp

#include"employee.h"

Employee::Employee(int id,string name,int post)
{
	this->worker_id = id;//继承了父类的所有属性
	this->worker_name = name;
	this->worker_post = post;

}

Employee::~Employee()
{

}

void Employee::display_inf() {
	cout << "职工编号：" << this->worker_id
		<< " \t职工姓名：" << this->worker_name
		<< " \t岗位：" << this->worker_post
		<< " \t岗位职责：完全经理交给的任务" << endl;

}

string Employee::get_post() {

	return string("员工");//char数组转换为string

}

经理类：
manager.h

#pragma once
#include<iostream>
#include"worker.h"
using namespace std;

class Manager:public Worker
{
public:
	Manager(int id,string name,int post);
	//展示个人信息
	virtual void display_inf();//虚函数声明

	//获取岗位名称
	virtual string get_post();
	~Manager();


	//int manager_id;
	//string manager_name;
	//int manager_post;

};

manager.cpp

#include"manager.h"

Manager::Manager(int id,string name,int post)
{
	this->worker_id = id;//继承了父类的所有属性
	this->worker_name = name;
	this->worker_post = post;
}

void Manager::display_inf() {
	cout << "职工编号：" << this->worker_id
		<< " \t职工姓名：" << this->worker_name
		<< " \t岗位：" << this->worker_post
		<< " \t岗位职责：完全老板交给的任务，并下发任务到员工" << endl;
}

string Manager::get_post() {
	return string("经理");
}
Manager::~Manager()
{
}

老板类：
boss.h

#pragma once
#include<iostream>
#include"worker.h"
using namespace std;

class Boss:public Worker
{
public:
	Boss(int id, string name, int post);//构造函数声明
	
	virtual void display_inf();
	virtual string get_post();

	~Boss();


	/*int boss_id;
	string boss_name;
	int boss_post;*/
};

boss.cpp

#include"boss.h"

Boss::Boss(int id,string name,int post)
{
	this->worker_id = id;//继承了父类的所有属性
	this->worker_name = name;
	this->worker_post = post;

}

void Boss::display_inf() {
	cout << "职工编号：" << this->worker_id
		<< " \t职工姓名：" << this->worker_name
		<< " \t岗位：" << this->worker_post
		<< " \t岗位职责：管理公司所有事务" << endl;
}

string Boss::get_post() {
	return string("老板");
}
Boss::~Boss()
{
}

职工管理员类:
workerManager.h

#pragma once//避免头文件重复包含
#include<iostream>
#include"worker.h"
#include"employee.h"
#include"manager.h"
#include"boss.h"
#include<fstream>
#define FILENAME "employee_info.txt"
using namespace std;

class WorkerManager
{
public:
	//构造、析构和函数的声明，实现在cpp文件里
	WorkerManager();
	void showMenu();
	void insert_inf();//添加信息
	void save_in_file();//将数组中的信息保存在文本文件中
	void display_inf();
	void delete_inf();
	//void locate(int id);
	void clear_inf();
	void update_inf();
	void search_inf();
	void sort();//将信息按编号排序
	int get_num();//得到已经在文件中的职工信息的个数
	void init_employee();//初始化worker_array_pointer指针
	~WorkerManager();
	void up_sort(Worker** worker_array_pointer);//升序排列
	void down_sort(Worker** worker_array_pointer);//降序排列

	int total_num;//记录当前职工的人数
	Worker** worker_array_pointer;//worker指针数组的指针
	bool file_is_empty;//判断文件是否为空

};

workerManager.cpp

#include "workerManager.h"

//构造和析构的实现

WorkerManager::WorkerManager()
{
	ifstream ifs;
	ifs.open(FILENAME, ios::in);
	
	if(!ifs.is_open()){//文件没打开成功
		cout << "文件不存在！" << endl;
		this->total_num = 0;//初始化
		this->worker_array_pointer = NULL;
		this->file_is_empty = true;
		ifs.close();
		return;
	}
	//this->total_num = 0;//初始化
	//this->worker_array_pointer = NULL;

	//文件存在，但没有数据
	char ch;
	ifs >> ch;//把文件的结尾标志都进来，让文件彻底成为空文件
	if (ifs.eof()) {
		//cout << "文件为空" << endl;
		this->total_num = 0;//初始化
		this->worker_array_pointer = NULL;
		this->file_is_empty = true;
		ifs.close();
		return;
	}

	//文件存在，且有数据
	int num;
	//char buf[1024] = { 0 };//保存第一行的读入的数据
	//ifs.getline(buf, sizeof(buf));//读一行到buf里
	//num = buf[10] - '0';//得到已经记录的总人数
	//cout << "num = " << num << endl;
	num = this->get_num();
	this->total_num = num;//初始化
	this->worker_array_pointer = new Worker * [this->total_num];
	this->init_employee();
	//this->worker_array_pointer = NULL;
	this->file_is_empty = false;
	ifs.close();


}

WorkerManager::~WorkerManager()
{
	if (this->worker_array_pointer != NULL){
		delete[] this->worker_array_pointer;
		this->worker_array_pointer = NULL;
		
		}
}

void WorkerManager::showMenu() {
	cout << "*************************************" << endl;
	cout << "******* 欢迎使用职工管理系统！*******" << endl;
	cout << "********   0：退出管理系统 **********" << endl;
	cout << "********   1：增加职工信息 **********" << endl;
	cout << "********   2：显示职工信息 **********" << endl;
	cout << "********   3：删除离职员工 **********" << endl;
	cout << "********   4：修改职工信息 **********" << endl;
	cout << "********   5：查找职工信息 **********" << endl;
	cout << "********   6：按照编号排序 **********" << endl;
	cout << "********   7：清空所有文档 **********" << endl;
	cout << "*************************************" << endl;
	cout << endl;
}

void WorkerManager::insert_inf() {
	int add_num = 0;
	cout << "要添加信息的职工数量：" << endl;
	cin >> add_num;
	if (add_num > 0) {
		int new_total = this->total_num + add_num;//新的总人数，即新的数组元素个数
		//开辟新空间
		Worker ** newspace = new Worker* [new_total];//新的职工指针开辟在堆区，临时数组
		//cout << "newspace的地址" << newspace << endl;
		//cout << "newspace[0]的地址为" << &newspace[0] << endl;//可知newspace ==  &newspace[0]
		//cout << "newspace[0]的值为" << newspace[0] << endl;
		//cout << "*newspace的值为" << *newspace << endl;//可知 newspace[0] == *newspace
	
		
		//将原空间的数据放到新空间下
		if(this->worker_array_pointer != NULL) {
			//cout << "原空间不为空" << endl;
			for (int i = 0; i < this->total_num; i++)
			{
				newspace[i] = this->worker_array_pointer[i];//把原本的内容复制到新的空间
				//file_is_empty = false;

			}
		}

		
		//添加新的输入
		for (int i = 0; i < add_num; i++)
		{
			int ins_id;
			string ins_name;
			int ins_post;
			cout << "输入第" << i + 1 << "位职工信息" << endl;
			cout << "职工编号：";//编号不能重复，待加入重复验证
			cin >> ins_id;

			cout << "职工姓名：";
			cin >> ins_name;

			cout << "职工岗位：\n";
			cout << "1:普通职工" << endl;
			cout << "2:经理" << endl;
			cout << "3:老板" << endl;
			cin >> ins_post;

			//插入进数组
			//写法一
			//if (ins_post = 1) {
			//	Worker* new_worker = new Employee(ins_id,ins_name,ins_post);//实现多态,父类指针指向子类成员
			//	newspace[this->total_num + i] = new_worker;
			//}
			//if (ins_post = 2) {
			//	Worker* new_worker = new Manager(ins_id, ins_name, ins_post);//实现多态,父类指针指向子类成员
			//	newspace[this->total_num + i] = new_worker;
			//}
			//if (ins_post = 3) {
			//	Worker* new_worker = new Boss(ins_id, ins_name, ins_post);//实现多态,父类指针指向子类成员
			//	newspace[this->total_num + i] = new_worker;
			//}

			//写法二
			Worker* new_worker = NULL;//new_worker是局部变量，存放在栈区，函数结束后释放.new_worker是指针，（它的值是一个地址）指向一个地址

			//Employee e(ins_id, ins_name, ins_post);//局部对象，存放在栈上的对象
			//new出来的对象存放在堆上，而对象的指针new_worker则存放在栈上
			//存放在堆区的对象必须用delete释放
			

			switch (ins_post)
			{
			case 1:
				new_worker = new Employee(ins_id, ins_name, ins_post);
				break;
			case 2:
				new_worker = new Manager(ins_id, ins_name, ins_post);
				break;
			case 3:
				new_worker = new Boss(ins_id, ins_name, ins_post);
				break;
			default:
				break;
			}
			//cout << "newworker的信息"<<new_worker->worker_id << endl;
			newspace[this->total_num + i] = new_worker;

			//此时，new_worker和newspace[0]都指向同一块地址，如果delete new_worker;释放指针时，就是把指向的需要的那一块内存给释放掉了
			//而这里new_worker指向的地址不能释放掉，如果想要将new_worker指针重置，则指向null就好
			new_worker = NULL;//将new_worker指针指空/重置，避免成为野指针
			

			
		}//函数结束时new_worker这个指针将会被释放

		
		delete[] this->worker_array_pointer;//释放原有空间

		
		this->worker_array_pointer = newspace;//更改指针指向。由于有明确的新指向，因此不需要指空也不会成为野指针

		//delete[] newspace;//删除临时数组，这里不能delete，会把需要的那一块内存释放掉
		newspace = NULL;

		this->total_num = new_total;//更新总人数

		this->save_in_file();

		cout << "成功添加" << add_num << "名员工信息" << endl;

		this->file_is_empty = false;
		
		
		 
	}
	else {
		cout << "输入有误！" << endl;
	}


}

void WorkerManager::save_in_file() {
	ofstream ofs;
	ofs.open(FILENAME, ios::out);
	//每个人的信息写进文件 
	//ofs << "总人数为：" << this->total_num << endl;
	for (int i = 0; i < this->total_num; i++)
	{
		
		ofs << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id << " "
			<< this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name << " "
			<< this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post << endl;

	}

	ofs.close();
}

void WorkerManager::delete_inf() {//先判断职工是否存在
	int id;
	int i,k = 0;
	cout << "输入你要删除信息的员工的编号：" << endl;
	cin >> id;
	while (k < this->total_num) {
		if (this->worker_array_pointer[k]->worker_id == id) {
			break;
		}
		k++;
	}
	if (k == this->total_num) {
		cout << "不存在该职工！" << endl;
	}
	else {
		int i = 0;
		while (i < this->total_num) {
			int m, j;
			m = i;
			if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id == id) {
				//cout << "进入if" << endl;
				//cout << "i = " << i << endl;
				j = m + 1;
				while (j < this->total_num) {
					this->worker_array_pointer[m]->worker_id = this->worker_array_pointer[j]->worker_id;
					this->worker_array_pointer[m]->worker_name = this->worker_array_pointer[j]->worker_name;
					this->worker_array_pointer[m]->worker_post = this->worker_array_pointer[j]->worker_post;
					m = j;
					j++;
				}
				this->total_num--;
				this->save_in_file();
				cout << "删除成功" << endl;
				if (this->total_num == 0) {
					this->file_is_empty = true;
				}
				break;
			}
			i++;
		}

	}
	

	/*if (i == this->total_num) {
		cout << "不存在该职工！" << endl;
	}*/

}

void WorkerManager::update_inf() {
	int id = 0;
	int i = 0;
	int new_id;
	string new_name;
	int new_post;
	cout << "输入你要修改信息的员工的编号：" << endl;
	cin >> id;
	while (i < this->total_num) {
		if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id == id) {
			cout << "输入编号：" << endl;
			cin >> new_id;

			cout << "输入姓名：" << endl;
			cin >> new_name;

			cout << "输入岗位：" << endl;
			cout << "1:普通职工" << endl;
			cout << "2:经理" << endl;
			cout << "3:老板" << endl;
			cin >> new_post;

			this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id = new_id;
			this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name = new_name;
			this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post = new_post;

			this->save_in_file();

			cout << "修改成功！" << endl;
			break;//退出while循环
		}
		//cout << "还没退出while" << endl;
		i++;
	}
	if (i == this->total_num) {
		cout << "未找到该员工！" << endl;
	}

}

void WorkerManager::search_inf() {
	int i = 0;
	int flag = 0;
	int id = 0;
	string name = "";
	cout << "1、按编号查找  2、按姓名查找" << endl;
	cin >> flag;
	if (flag == 1) {
		cout<<"职工编号为:" << endl;
		cin >> id;
		while (i < this->total_num) {
			if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id == id) {
				cout << "查找到该职工信息如下：" << endl;
				if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post == 1) {
					cout << "职工编号:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id
						<< "\t职工姓名:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name
						<< "\t职工岗位: 普通职工"
						<< "\t职责:完成经理交给的任务" << endl;
				}
				else if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post == 2) {
					cout << "职工编号:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id
						<< "\t职工姓名:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name
						<< "\t职工岗位: 经理"
						<< "\t职责:完成老板交给的任务并下发任务给员工" << endl;
				}
				else if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post == 3) {
					cout << "职工编号:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id
						<< "\t职工姓名:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name
						<< "\t职工岗位: 老板"
						<< "\t职责:管理公司所有事务" << endl;
				}
				break;
			}
			i++;
		}
		if (i == this->total_num) {
			cout << "未找到该编号的职工!" << endl;
		}

	}
	if (flag == 2) {
		cout << "职工姓名为：" << endl;
		cin >> name;
		while (i < this->total_num) {
			if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name == name) {
				cout << "查找到该职工信息如下：" << endl;
				if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post == 1) {
					
					cout << "职工编号:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id
						<< "\t职工姓名:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name
						<< "\t职工岗位: 普通职工"
						<< "\t职责:完成经理交给的任务" << endl;
				}
				else if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post == 2) {
					cout << "职工编号:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id
						<< "\t职工姓名:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name
						<< "\t职工岗位: 经理"
						<< "\t职责:完成老板交给的任务并下发任务给员工" << endl;
				}
				else if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post == 3) {
					cout << "职工编号:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id
						<< "\t职工姓名:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name
						<< "\t职工岗位: 老板"
						<< "\t职责:管理公司所有事务" << endl;
				}
				break;
			}
			i++;

		}
		if (i == this->total_num) {
			cout << "未找到该姓名的职工!" << endl;
		}
	}

}

void WorkerManager::clear_inf() {
	if (this->file_is_empty == true) {
		cout << "职工信息已经是空的了！" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		ofstream ofs;
		ofs.open(FILENAME, ios::out);//打开时会清空

		ofs.close();
		this->worker_array_pointer = NULL;
		this->total_num = 0;
		cout << "清除完毕！" << endl;
		this->file_is_empty = true;

	}

}

void WorkerManager::display_inf() {
	int i = 0;
	if (file_is_empty == true) {
		cout << "没有任何职工信息！" << endl;
	}
	else {
		//cout << "this->total_num = " << this->total_num << endl;
		while (i < this->total_num) {
			if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post == 1) {
				cout << "职工编号:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id
					<< "\t职工姓名:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name
					<< "\t职工岗位: 普通职工"
					<< "\t职责:完成经理交给的任务" << endl;
			}
			else if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post == 2) {
				cout << "职工编号:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id
					<< "\t职工姓名:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name
					<< "\t职工岗位: 经理"
					<< "\t职责:完成老板交给的任务并下发任务给员工" << endl;
			}
			else if (this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_post == 3) {
				cout << "职工编号:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id
					<< "\t职工姓名:" << this->worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_name
					<< "\t职工岗位: 老板"
					<< "\t职责:管理公司所有事务" << endl;
			}
			i++;
		}



	}
}

int WorkerManager::get_num() {
	ifstream ifs;
	ifs.open(FILENAME, ios::in);
	
	int id;
	string name;
	int post;

	int index = 0;//记录人数
	while (ifs >> id && ifs >> name && ifs >> post) {//每读完一行 index++
		index++;
	}
	ifs.close();
	return index;
}

void WorkerManager::init_employee() {
	ifstream ifs;
	ifs.open(FILENAME, ios::in);

	int id;
	string name;
	int post;

	int index = 0;//记录人数
	while (ifs >> id && ifs >> name && ifs >> post) {
		Worker* worker = NULL;
		if (post == 1) {
			worker = new Employee(id, name, post);
		}
		if (post == 2) {
			worker = new Manager(id, name, post);
		}
		if (post == 3) {
			worker = new Boss(id, name, post);
		}
		this->worker_array_pointer[index] = worker;
		index++;
	}
	ifs.close();
}

void WorkerManager::sort() {
	int flag = 0;
	cout << "1、按编号升序排列  2、按编号降序排列" << endl;
	cin >> flag;
	if (flag == 1) {
		up_sort(this->worker_array_pointer);
		this->save_in_file();
	}
	if (flag == 2) {
		down_sort(this->worker_array_pointer);
		this->save_in_file();
	}

}

void WorkerManager::up_sort(Worker ** worker_array_pointer) {
	int count = this->total_num;//每一趟的比较次数
	for (int k = 0; k < count; k++)//bubble_sort
	{
		for (int i = 0, j = 1; i < this->total_num - 1;)
		{

			if (worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id > worker_array_pointer[j]->worker_id) {//前一个比后一个小，需要交换
				Worker* temp;
				temp = worker_array_pointer[i];
				worker_array_pointer[i] = worker_array_pointer[j];
				worker_array_pointer[j] = temp;
				i++;
				j++;

			}
			else {
				i++;
				j++;
			}
		}
		count--;
	}

}

void WorkerManager::down_sort(Worker** worker_array_pointer) {
	int count = this->total_num;//每一趟的比较次数
	for (int k = 0; k < count; k++)
	{
		for (int i = 0,j = 1; i < this->total_num - 1 ;)
		{
			
			if (worker_array_pointer[i]->worker_id < worker_array_pointer[j]->worker_id) {//前一个比后一个小，需要交换
				Worker* temp;
				temp = worker_array_pointer[i];
				worker_array_pointer[i] = worker_array_pointer[j];
				worker_array_pointer[j] = temp;
				i++;
				j++;
				
			}
			else {
				i++;
				j++;
			}
		}
		count--;
	}
}

职工管理系统2.0.cpp

#include<iostream>
#include"workerManager.h"
using namespace std;

int main() {
	WorkerManager workermanager;
	int i = 1;
	int j = 0;
	while (i != 0)
	{
		workermanager.showMenu();
		cout << "请输入您要使用的功能:" << endl;
		cin >> i;
		switch (i)
		{
		case 1://增加职工信息，可以批量添加
			workermanager.insert_inf();
			cout << "" << endl;
			break;
		case 2://展示职工信息，编号、姓名、岗位、职责
			workermanager.display_inf();
			cout << "" << endl;
			break;

		case 3://删除职工信息，根据职工编号删除
			workermanager.delete_inf();
			break;
		case 4://按照职工编号查找并修改
			workermanager.update_inf();
			break;
		case 5://按照编号或姓名，一共两种查找方式
			workermanager.search_inf();
			break;
		case 6:
			workermanager.sort();
			break;
		case 7:
			int i;
			cout << "是否确认清空所有信息？1：确认 0：取消" << endl;
			cin >> i;
			if (i == 0) {
				break;
			}
			else if (i == 1) {
				workermanager.clear_inf();
				//cout << "清除完毕！" << endl;
				cout << "" << endl;
				break;
			}
			else {
				cout << "输入错误，请输入正确的数字" << endl;
				break;
			}
		default:
			cout << "请输入正确的功能编号!" << endl;
			cout << endl;
			continue;
		}
		
	}
	cout << "欢迎下次使用！" << endl;
	return 0;
}

BUG汇总
1、
在这里插入图片描述
两处cout << "newspace[0]->worker_id = "<<newspace[0]->worker_id << endl;居然得到了不同的结果。

原因：new_worker和newspace[0]指向同一块内存空间，delete new_worker；时就把需要的那一块内存给释放掉了，因此下面再调用属性时，内存里就是未知的了，所以这里不能delete new_worker;，如果要避免成为野指针，则指向NULL即可。

new_worker是一个对象的指针，是一个局部变量，定义在for函数内部，包括id、name、post等属性也是局部变量，函数结束后就会被释放掉，而new出来的对象则是存放在堆空间的，需要delete手动释放。
而newspace[0]指向的地址是一样的，但指向地址的内容在上一个函数时就释放掉了，因此后面一次的取worker_id是取不到之前存放的值得。

2、
在这里插入图片描述

再把指向值赋给新指针后很自然的想法是删掉这个新指针，于是会delete掉就指针。。但是！！这里delete的是存放在堆区的与新指针指向一致的一块内存空间，就把需要的东西释放掉了，这是肯定不行的，要删掉指针应该修改指针指向，让其指向空指针NULL。