本文介绍了如何在R语言的ggplot2库中，通过gtable和grid功能，实现将Y轴添加到图形的左侧，并处理轴标签、刻度线等元素，同时展示了一个可扩展的函数`plot_multi_yaxis`，用于合并多个带有不同Y轴的图形。
前言
上一节所介绍的绘制多个 Y 轴，只能在图形的右侧依次添加 Y 轴。
在 Y 轴数量过多的情况下（当然，轴不应该太多），将轴平均地放置在左右两侧会更美观些。
因此，这节主要介绍如何在图形的左侧添加 Y 轴
添加 Y 轴
总的来说，将 Y 轴添加到左侧会更简单，不需要对坐标轴、刻度标签及轴标签进行转换。主要获取到轴对象及轴标签对象，将其添加到左侧即可。
对于下面两张图
colors <- c('#5470C6', '#91CC75', '#EE6666', '#ff7f00')
data <- data.frame(
category = factor(substr(month.name, 1, 3), levels = substr(month.name, 1, 3)),
Evaporation = c(2.0, 4.9, 7.0, 23.2, 25.6, 76.7, 135.6, 162.2, 32.6, 20.0, 6.4, 3.3),
Precipitation = c(2.6, 5.9, 9.0, 26.4, 28.7, 70.7, 175.6, 182.2, 48.7, 18.8, 6.0, 2.3),
Temperature = c(2.0, 2.2, 3.3, 4.5, 6.3, 10.2, 20.3, 23.4, 23.0, 16.5, 12.0, 6.2)
)
p1 <- ggplot(data, aes(category, Evaporation)) +
geom_col(fill = colors[1], width = 0.3, position = position_nudge(x = -0.2)) +
labs(x = "month", y = "Evaporation(ml)") +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 250), expand = c(0,0)) +
theme(
axis.text.y = element_text(color = colors[1]),
axis.ticks.y = element_line(color = colors[1]),
axis.title.y = element_text(color = colors[1]),
axis.line.y = element_line(color = colors[1]),
axis.line.x = element_line(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, vjust = 1)
)
p1
p2 <- ggplot(data, aes(category, Precipitation)) +
geom_col(fill = colors[2], width = 0.3, position = position_nudge(x = 0.2)) +
labs(x = "month", y = "Precipitation(ml)") +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 250), expand = c(0,0)) +
theme(
axis.text.y = element_text(color = colors[2]),
axis.ticks.y = element_line(color = colors[2]),
axis.title.y = element_text(color = colors[2]),
axis.line.y = element_line(color = colors[2]),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, vjust = 1)
)
p2
获取 gtable 对象
my_theme <- theme(panel.grid = element_blank(), panel.background = element_rect(fill = NA))
g1 <- ggplotGrob(p1 + my_theme)
g2 <- ggplotGrob(p2 + my_theme)
合并主绘图区域的代码是一样的
pos <- c(subset(g1$layout, name == "panel", select = t:r))
g1 <- gtable_add_grob(g1, g2$grobs[[which(g2$layout$name == "panel")]],
pos$t, pos$l, pos$b, pos$l)
plot(g1)
获取 Y 轴及 Y 轴标签的位置信息
index <- which(g2$layout$name == "axis-l")
yaxis <- g2$grobs[[index]]
pos <- c(subset(g1$layout, name == "ylab-l", select = t:r))
首先，添加一个 3mm 的空白间距。注意是在轴标签位置的左侧添加是（pos$l - 1）
g <- gtable_add_cols(g1, unit(3, "mm"), pos$l - 1)
然后将 Y 轴添加到一个新的列
g <- gtable_add_cols(g, g2$widths[g2$layout[index, ]$l], pos$l - 1)
g <- gtable_add_grob(g, yaxis, pos$t, pos$l, pos$b, pos$l, clip = "off")
plot(g)
添加轴标签也是类似的
index <- which(g2$layout$name == "ylab-l")
ylab <- g2$grobs[[index]]
g <- gtable_add_cols(g, g2$widths[g2$layout[index, ]$l], pos$l - 1)
g <- gtable_add_grob(g, ylab, pos$t, pos$l, pos$b, pos$l, clip = "off")
这样就可以啦。
我们可以将上次的代码改写，使其可以根据传入图形的数量来决定轴的添加位置。改写的代码如下
library(ggplot2)
library(gtable)
library(grid)
# 反转标题 grobs 的对齐方式和位置
hinvert_title_grob <- function(grob){
# 交换宽度
widths <- grob$widths
grob$widths[1] <- widths[3]
grob$widths[3] <- widths[1]
# 在一些版本的ggplot2中，grob 对象可能不包含 vp 或 layout 组件
if (!is.null(grob$vp) && !is.null(grob$vp[[1]]$layout)) {
grob$vp[[1]]$layout$widths[1] <- widths[3]
grob$vp[[1]]$layout$widths[3] <- widths[1]
}
# 修改对齐方式
grob$children[[1]] <- editGrob(
grob$children[[1]],
hjust = 1 - grob$children[[1]]$hjust,
vjust = 1 - grob$children[[1]]$vjust,
x = unit(1, "npc") - grob$children[[1]]$x
)
grob
}
# 左侧添加Y轴
add_yaxis_left <- function(g1, g2) {
# 获取左侧Y轴标签的位置
pos <- c(subset(g1$layout, name == "ylab-l", select = t:r))
index <- which(g2$layout$name == "axis-l")
yaxis <- g2$grobs[[index]]
# 添加列并插入Y轴
g <- gtable_add_cols(g1, unit(3, "mm"), pos$l - 1)
g <- gtable_add_cols(g, g2$widths[g2$layout[index, ]$l], pos$l - 1)
g <- gtable_add_grob(g, yaxis, pos$t, pos$l, pos$b, pos$l, clip = "off")
# 获取左侧Y轴标签
index <- which(g2$layout$name == "ylab-l")
ylab <- g2$grobs[[index]]
# 插入Y轴标签
g <- gtable_add_cols(g, g2$widths[g2$layout[index, ]$l], pos$l - 1)
g <- gtable_add_grob(g, ylab, pos$t, pos$l, pos$b, pos$l, clip = "off")
g
}
# 右侧添加Y轴
add_yaxis_right <- function(g1, g2, pos) {
# 获取右侧Y轴标签
index <- which(g2$layout$name == "ylab-l")
ylab <- g2$grobs[[index]]
ylab <- hinvert_title_grob(ylab)
# 添加列并插入Y轴标签
g <- gtable_add_cols(g1, g2$widths[g2$layout[index, ]$l], pos$r)
g <- gtable_add_grob(g, ylab, pos$t, pos$r + 1, pos$b, pos$r + 1, clip = "off", name = "ylab-r")
# 获取右侧Y轴
index <- which(g2$layout$name == "axis-l")
yaxis <- g2$grobs[[index]]
# 调整Y轴线位置
yaxis$children[[1]]$x <- unit.c(unit(0, "npc"), unit(0, "npc"))
# 获取刻度
ticks <- yaxis$children[[2]]
# 调整刻度线位置
for (i in seq_along(ticks$grobs)) {
# 刻度标签，3.5 和 3.4 中 ticks$grobs 对象的属性数量不一样，所以根据类型来判断
if (inherits(ticks$grobs[[i]], "titleGrob")) {
ticks$grobs[[i]] <- hinvert_title_grob(ticks$grobs[[i]])
# 刻度线
} else if (inherits(ticks$grobs[[i]], "polyline")) {
ticks$grobs[[i]]$x <- ticks$grobs[[i]]$x - unit(1, "npc") + unit(3, "pt")
}
}
# 反转刻度线和刻度标签
ticks$widths <- rev(ticks$widths)
ticks$grobs <- rev(ticks$grobs)
yaxis$children[[2]] <- ticks
# 添加列并插入Y轴
g <- gtable_add_cols(g, g2$widths[g2$layout[index, ]$l] + unit(3, "mm"), pos$r)
g <- gtable_add_grob(g, yaxis, pos$t, pos$r + 1, pos$b, pos$r + 1, clip = "off", name = "axis-r")
g
}
# 添加Y轴函数，根据偏移量判断添加在左侧或右侧
add_yaxis <- function(g1, g2, offset = 0) {
pos <- c(subset(g1$layout, name == "panel", select = t:r))
# 添加主绘图区域
g1 <- gtable_add_grob(g1, g2$grobs[[which(g2$layout$name == "panel")]],
pos$t, pos$l, pos$b * ((offset - 2) * 0.00001 + 1), pos$l)
# 根据偏移量判断添加在左侧或右侧
if (offset > 3 && offset %% 2 == 0) {
g1 <- add_yaxis_left(g1, g2)
} else {
g1 <- add_yaxis_right(g1, g2, pos)
}
g1
}
# 绘制多Y轴图形的函数
plot_multi_yaxis <- function(..., right_label_reverse = TRUE) {
args <- list(...)
my_theme <- theme(panel.grid = element_blank(), panel.background = element_rect(fill = NA))
len <- length(args)
args[[1]] <- args[[1]] + my_theme
g <- ggplotGrob(args[[1]])
for (i in len:2) {
if (i < 4 || i %% 2 && right_label_reverse) {
# 旋转轴标签
args[[i]] <- args[[i]] +
theme(axis.title.y = element_text(angle = 270))
}
args[[i]] <- args[[i]] + my_theme
g2 <- ggplotGrob(args[[i]])
g <- add_yaxis(g, g2, offset = i)
}
# 绘制图形
grid.newpage()
grid.draw(g)
}
GitHub 代码也更新为该版本：
https://github.com/dxsbiocc/learn/blob/main/R/plot/plot_multi_yaxis.R
测试效果
先添加第三张图
p3 <- ggplot(data, aes(category, Temperature, group = 1)) +
geom_line(colour = colors[3]) +
geom_point(aes(colour = colors[3]), fill = "white", shape = 21, show.legend = FALSE) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 25), expand = c(0,0)) +
labs(x = "month", y = expression(paste("Temperature (", degree, " C)"))) +
theme(
axis.text.y = element_text(color = colors[3]),
axis.ticks.y = element_line(color = colors[3]),
axis.title.y = element_text(color = colors[3]),
axis.line.y = element_line(color = colors[3]),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, vjust = 1)
)
合并三张图
plot_multi_yaxis(p1, p2, p3)
再添加第四张图
library(dplyr)
set.seed(100)
p4 <- mutate(data, Temperature = rev(Temperature) + rnorm(12)) %>%
ggplot(aes(category, Temperature, group = 1)) +
geom_line(colour = colors[4]) +
geom_point(aes(colour = colors[4]), fill = "white", shape = 21, show.legend = FALSE) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 25), expand = c(0,0)) +
labs(x = "month", y = expression(paste("Temperature (", degree, " C)"))) +
theme(
axis.text.y = element_text(color = colors[4]),
axis.ticks.y = element_line(color = colors[4]),
axis.title.y = element_text(color = colors[4]),
axis.line.y = element_line(color = colors[4]),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, vjust = 1)
)
合并四张图
plot_multi_yaxis(p1, p2, p3, p4)
再添加两张，当然这样做是没什么道理的。只是为了说明函数依然能够完美工作
plot_multi_yaxis(p1, p2, p3, p4, p1, p2)
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