Overview of Interaction Design(ID)
define定义
Designing interactive products to support the way people communicate and interact in their everyday and working lives
umbrella term covering all of these aspects:Fundamental to all disciplines, fields, and approaches concerned with researching and designing computerbased systems for people
Core characteristics of interaction design三个主要特征
1. Users should be involved throughout the development of the project
Importance:Understanding of users’ goals leading to better product
Expectation management⇾ Realistic expectations
Ownership⇾ Make the users active stakeholder
2.Specific usability and user experience goals need to be identified, clearly documented, and agreed to at the beginning of the project
Usability is more objective: how useful or productive a system is from its own perspective
例如:1. Effective to use (effectiveness) – how good it is 2. Efficient to use (efficiency) – how easy / fast it is 3. Safe to use (safety) 4. Have good utility (utility) 5. Easy to learn (learnability) 6. Easy to remember how to use (memorability)
User experience is more subjective: how users experience an interactive product from their own perspective
例如：➔ Desirable aspects:Satisfying Enjoyable Engaging Challenging Fun
➔ Undesirable aspects: Boring Annoying Making one feel guilty
3.Iteration is needed through the core activities
四个Interaction基本活动：
1. Discovering requirements for the interactive product.
2. Designing alternatives that meet those requirements.
3. Prototyping the alternative designs so that they can be communicated and assessed.
4. Evaluating the product and the user experience it offers throughout the process.
double diamond 和 lifecycle图：
Practical Issues in Interaction Design实际问题
User-centered approach: 3 principles 3个原则
1. Early focus on users and tasks: directly studying cognitive, behavioral, anthropomorphic, and attitudinal characteristics早期关注用户和任务：直接研究认知、行为、拟人化和态度特征
为什么要关注用户任务
1. Users’ tasks and goals are the driving force behind the development.
2. Users’ behaviour and context of use are studied, and the system is designed to support them.
3. Users’ characteristics are captured and designed for.
4. Users are consulted throughout development from earliest phases to the latest.
5. All design decisions are taken within the context of the users, their activities, and their environment.
2. Empirical measurement: users’ reactions and performance to scenarios, manuals, simulations, and prototypes are observed, recorded, and analysed经验测量：观察、记录和分析用户对场景、手册、模拟和原型的反应和表现
3. Iterative design: when problems are found in user testing, fix them and carry out more tests
最主要的实际问题：➔ Who are the users? ➔ What are the users’ needs?
Users rarely know what is possible用户很少知道什么是可能实现的，所以应该➔ Focus on peoples’ goals, usability, and user experience goals, rather than expect stakeholders to articulate requirements
Requirements
目标是Explore the problem space to gain insights to Establish a description of what will be developed
requirement 是a statement about an intended product that specifies what it is expected to do or how it will perform
分为两种描述方法：
Atomic requirement shell回去补图片
User stories：As a <role> , I want <behavior> so that <benefit>
有两种需求：
Functional requirements
What the system should do系统需要做到什么
Non-Functional requirements
The characteristics (sometimes called constraints) of the product 产品可以有的特性
对应usability和user experience
The seven product dimensions: user, interface, action, data, control, environment, quality attribute
六个最常见的需求：
1. Functional requirements ⇾ What the system should do
2. Data requirements ⇾ What kinds of data need to be stored? ⇾ How will they be stored (for example, database)?
3. Environment requirements or context of use: ⇾ Physical: dusty? noisy? vibration? light? heat? humidity? …. (for example, in a hospital) ⇾ Social: collaboration and co-ordination, data sharing, distributed, synchronous or asynchronous, privacy ⇾ Organizational: user support, communications structure and infrastructure, availability of training ⇾ Technical: On what technologies will it run or need to be compatible?
4. Users characteristics ⇾ Nationality, educational background, attitude to computers ⇾ System use: novice, expert, casual, frequent ■ Novice: prompted, constrained, clear ■ Expert: flexibility, access/power ■ Frequent: shortcuts ■ Casual/infrequent: clear menu paths ⇾ User profile
5. Usability goals
6. User experience goals
Data gathering for requirements
三个主要收集方法：Interviews, observations, and questionnaires
还有两种：学习手册？和研究相似产品
➔ Studying documentation
⇾ Procedures and rules are often written down in manuals
⇾ Good source of data about the steps involved in an activity and any regulations governing a task
⇾ Good for understanding legislation and getting background information
⇾ Does not involve stakeholder time
➔ Researching similar products
⇾ Good for prompting requirements
可用probe探针？和用户engage
Designed to prompt users into action
Contextual Inquiry
Part of Contextual Design但也能用于收集需求
One-on-one field interviews，1.5到2h，Uses a model of master (participant) and apprentice (researcher)
四个基本原则：
⇾ Context: Going to the user, wherever they are, and seeing what they do as they do it
⇾ Partnership: User and interviewer explore user’s life together
⇾ Interpretation: Observations interpreted by user and interviewer together
⇾ Focus: Project focus to understand what should be paid attention
采访分为七点，两个大点：
➔ Joy of life concepts (How products make our lives richer and more
fulfilling)
⇾ Accomplish (empower users)
⇾ Connection (enhance real relationships)
⇾ Identity (support users’ sense of self)
⇾ Sensation (pleasurable moments)
➔ Joy of use concepts (Describe impact of using the product)
⇾ Direct in action (provide fulfillment of intent)
⇾ The hassle factor (remove all glitches and inconveniences)
⇾ The learning delta (reduce the time to learn)
四个环节：⇾ Overview ⇾ Transition ⇾ Main interview ⇾ Wrap-up（总结）然后是interpretation session总结成模型
Bringing requirements to life
分为persona和scenario，作为以user stories写的基本要求的augmenting增强
persona人格：Capture a set of user characteristics (user profile)，Typical, not idealised基于真人调查制作的典型而非理想化的人格，包含名字年龄背景需求等内容。
Scenario场景：作为persona的衍生，人格→行为（即scenario）→goal（需求）
textual文字描述也行animate动画描述也行。
描述他是什么时候，什么地方，persona的故事是怎么实现的
use case用例：描述使用流程，Focus on functional requirements and capture interaction，是一步步地interaction的描述.
Design
Accessibility and Inclusiveness
➔ Accessibility: the extent to which an interactive product is accessible by as many people as possible专注于残疾人和更多人可用
⇾ Focus is on people with disabilities; for instance, those using android OS or apple voiceover
➔ Inclusiveness: making products and services that accommodate the widest possible number of people专注于为更多人设计
⇾ For example, smartphones designed for all and made available to everyone regardless of their disability, education, age, or income
三种残疾：Sensory impairment感觉残疾如瞎子，Physical impairment物理残疾如中风stroke，Cognitive认知残疾，记忆或学习能力出问题
分为Permanent永久，Temporary暂时，Situational条件残疾，如噪音环境听不见
Design principles设计原则
The do’s and don'ts of interaction design
5个例子
⇾ Visibility
⇾ Feedback
⇾ Constraints（Restricting the possible actions that can be performed限制）
⇾ Consistency（Internal consistency应用内部操作一致，External consistency不同应用操作一致，Aesthetic consistency美学设计一致，风格外观提升认可度，Functional consistency功能性一致增强learnability and understanding）
⇾ Affordance（allows people to know how to use it.）
Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules
1. Strive for consistency相似情况一致的操作流程
2. Enable frequent users to use shortcuts允许快捷键加快流程
3. Offer informative feedback反馈提高用户体验
4. Design dialog to yield closure设计⇾ Grouping of actions ⇾ Explicit completion of an action ⇾ Well-defined options for the next step
5. Offer simple error handling简单的错误处理方法
6. Permit easy traversal of actions可以撤回操作
7. Support internal locus of control让用户感觉自己在操控系统而不是系统在指挥用户
8. Reduce short-term memory load降低用户短期需要记忆的内容
Alternative designs
➔ Interaction design focuses on externally-visible and measurable behavior
➔ Evaluation with users and stakeholders
➔ A/B Testing: inform the choice between alternatives
➔ Quality thresholds ⇾ Think of the photo-taking experience
Interaction Types交互类型
1. Instructing（允许用户指导系统）
Where users instruct a system and tell it what to do
The main benefit is that instructing supports quick and efficient interaction
2. Conversing（可交流）
Underlying model of having a conversation with another human
Ranges from simple voice recognition menu-driven systems to more complex ‘natural language’ dialogs
优点：对新手novices来说操作更简单习惯
缺点：可能识别错误Misunderstandings
3. Manipulating（操纵
利用用户习惯的move and manipulate in the physical world
Direct Manipulation DM 直接操作，比如拖动文件
一堆好处：
➔ Novices can learn the basic functionality quickly ➔ Experienced users can work extremely rapidly to carry out a wide range of tasks − even defining new functions ➔ Intermittent users can retain operational concepts over time ➔ Error messages rarely needed ➔ Users can immediately see if their actions are furthering their goals, and if not, do something else ➔ Users experience less anxiety ➔ Users gain confidence and mastery and feel in control
缺点：
可能效率低，可能易出错，Repetitive tasks are not well supported.不支持重复任务
4. Exploring
允许用户移动以探索，如vr世界
5. Responding
System takes the initiative to alert user to something that it “thinks” is of interest系统提醒用户可能在意的信息
可以使用Hybrid conceptual models混合模型融合多种交互类型
Interaction and interface的区别：interaction是对用户在做什么的描述，interface是The kind of interface used to support the interaction
有很多种interface1. Command 2. Graphical 3. Multimedia 4. Virtual reality 5. Web 6. Mobile 7. Appliance 8. Voice 9. Pen 10. Touch 11. Gesture 12. Haptic 13. Multimodal 14. Shareable 15. Tangible 16. Augmented reality 17. Wearables 18. Robots and drones 19. Brain–computer interaction 20. Smart
Conceptualizing design概念化设计
为什么要概念化设计：To scrutinize vague ideas and assumptions about the benefits of the proposed product in terms of their feasibility
在开始时记录Assumptions and claims，Iteratively work out设计想法怎么改进
assumption：在事情没验证前认为他是必然发生的
claim：在事情仍然是问题的时候假定他是正确的
在早期设计环节Ask questions, reconsider assumptions, and articulate concerns
分析问题的一个框架：1. Are there problems with an existing product or user experience? If so, what are they? 2. Why do you think there are problems? 3. How do you think your proposed design ideas might overcome these? 4. If you are designing for a new user experience, how do you think your proposed design ideas support, change, or extend current ways of doing things?
三个好处：
➔ Orientation ⇾ Enables design teams to ask specific questions about how the conceptual model will be understood
➔ Open-minded ⇾ Prevents design teams from becoming narrowly focused early on
➔ Common ground ⇾ Allows design teams to establish a set of commonly agreed terms
开发概念模型可以有利于把problem space 转化为 design space
Interface Metaphors界面隐喻
设计的和物理实体相近，Exploit user’s familiar knowledge, helping them to understand ‘the unfamiliar’利用用户知道的去让他们理解不熟悉的
优点：学习新系统更简单，容易理解底层概念模型underlying conceptual model，可以很创新innovative并且让更多人使用。
缺点：Break conventional and cultural rules，Conflicts with design principles，Forces users to understand only the system in terms of the metaphor，Limits designers’ imagination in coming up with new conceptual models
Paradigm范式
General approach adopted by a community for carrying out research
Visions愿景
想象未来进行设计，即future scenario
Theory理论
对现象的解释Explanation of a phenomenon
Models模型
A simplification of an HCI phenomenon
Frameworks框架
Set of interrelated concepts and-or specific questions for ‘what to look for’
20种interface types
1. Command 2. Graphical 3. Multimedia 4. Virtual reality 5. Web 6. Mobile 7. Appliance 8. Voice 9. Pen 10. Touch 11. Gesture 12. Haptic 13. Multimodal 14. Shareable 15. Tangible 16. Augmented reality 17. Wearables 18. Robots and drones 19. Brain–computer interaction 20. Smart
Prototyping
原型的三个共同点：
Cheaper & Faster!
Easier to communicate!
Direct feel!
Instead of an object, it is more a way of thinking. design cant be done at once⇾ Be brave to show the work in progress，Listen to feedbacks，Be practical
它可以是一个3d场景，一个ppt show，一个模拟使用的视屏，一个功能有限的软件
为什么用原型？
有利于Evaluation and feedback，同时Stakeholders can see, hold, interact
Prototypes answer questions, and support designers in choosing between alternatives
从前期到后期可能的设计方案越来越少，修改花费越来越大
用原型的三个理由：Understanding， Communication， test and reflection
原型有利于understanding从而avoid false assumptions
它把无形的概念化为有形的Intangible -> tangible
原型促进communication，同时Communication increase the efficiency in making decision
原型的主要目标为examine and improve the current design，所以对原型进行test and reflection on Hypotheses and assumptions or Other’s comments 可以改进设计方案
Fidelity in prototyping保真度
The fidelity of a prototype refers to how it conveys the look-and-feel of the final product保真度高浪费时间金钱，保真度低可能useless
低保真度可以用不同材质Uses a medium which is unlike the final medium，这样快捷便宜易更换
低保真度例子：
Storyboards故事板：在一个scenarios场景中由一系列草图a series of sketches描述用户怎么使用的过程，Used early in design（比如小人漫画）
‘Wizard-of-Oz’ prototyping，developer对用户输入的信息进行反馈，但是用户以为在和电脑进行，这样测试用户需求。
Using index cards 在纸板里放上卡片，每个卡片代表一个页面，模拟应用进行
高保真度是expect to be in the final product，more like the final system
Compromises对原型的妥协
所有原型都有一定程度的妥协
分为两种妥协：⇾ ‘horizontal’: provide a wide range of functions, but with little detail功能多细节少
⇾ ‘vertical’: provide a lot of detail for only a few functions功能少细节多
过度纠结高保真度还是低保真度是wasting time and sanity
五个方面Dimensions：
➔ Visual: How real does it look?用户最直接感受的维度
问题在于容易jumping to high visual fidelity too early，有时需要特别控制在低保真度
➔ Interaction: How real does it feel?
Refers to the objective degree of exactness with which real-world interactions can be reproduced
➔ Breadth: To what degree is this the whole or just a part?
the number of features covered包含多少功能
➔ Depth: At a given level of breadth, to what degree is the user constrained?
一个功能的深度（如可看所有城市天气比部分地区天气深）the degree of functionality.
➔ Content: How real is the stuff and is it contextual to the user?
the degree of realism for the content.
还有两个额外方面可看：➔ Autonomy➔ Platform
同时制作多维度的原型是COMPLICATED (slow, expensive)的，所以不要这么做（或多模块）
Physical Design
考虑更细节的设计，如部件设计
⇾ menu design
⇾ icon design图标含义是cultural and context sensitive
⇾ screen design 两个要点：How to split across screens和Individual screen design
⇾ information display 相关信息要一直展示Relevant information available at all times
Type of Prototyping
➔ throw-away ⇾ prototype only serves to elicit user reaction ⇾ creating prototype must be rapid, otherwise too expensive 仅作为测试
➔ incremental ⇾ product built as separate components (modules) ⇾ each component prototyped and tested, then added to the final system 多个组件最后加到最终系统中
➔ evolutionary ⇾ prototype altered to incorporate design changes ⇾ eventually becomes the final product 原型逐渐改进成最后产品
注意点：Rationalize cost-value tradeoffs，Do not oversell/overbuild
怎么制作原型A general framework：
制作方法不唯一，基于purpose, audience, and assumptions作最后决定
制作时的问题和解决办法：
Don’t know where to start? -> The minimum viable product
是有enough features to attract earlyadopter customers and validate a product idea early
四个步骤：⇾ Understand your users and identify the problem找问题和解决方法 ⇾ Write down the user flow ⇾ Use the prototype to optimize the user flow ⇾ Test, refine, iterate
Generate lots of different solutions for a problem? -> Focusing on exploration
更多专注于思考⇾ Find the right issue to solve ⇾ Find solutions ⇾ Identify where we are now
Communicate or advocate for a certain direction?倡导特定方向 -> Focusing on specific audience
三步：⇾ Identify your audience, purpose, and fidelity ⇾ Tools ⇾ Present
Have a question or assumption to test? -> Focusing on assumptions
四部⇾ Understand your audience, issues, and assumptions ⇾ Fidelity ⇾ Purpose of the testing ⇾ Make and test
Digital prototyping和physical prototyping
digital prototyping大多围绕屏幕展开
➔ Screen ➔ Responsive design ➔ Interaction types交互 ➔ Accessibility ➔ Animation
Physical prototyping设计更专注于
➔ Electronic technology ➔ Compatibility兼容性 ➔ Material and tactility触感
Evaluation
Questionnaires
Questions can be closed-ended or open-ended可以是开放问题，封闭问题更容易分析
问卷设计：
question order可能影响回答
different populations需要不同的问卷版本
需要提供clear instructions并Avoid very long questions
问题可以是all be positive, all negative, or mixed.
Strike a balance between using white space and keeping the questionnaire compact.
问卷回复：
➔ Make sure that the purpose of study is clear ➔ Promise anonymity ➔ Ensure that questionnaire is well designed ➔ Offer a short version for those who do not have time to complete a long questionnaire ➔ Follow-up with emails, phone calls, or letters ➔ Provide an incentive ➔ If mailed, include a stamped, addressed envelope
优点：相对低成本获取大量人的数据，短时间获取用户概览overview，不需要特别设备，容易被批准因为是non-intrusive非侵入性的。
缺点：不擅长获取深层deep数据，经常是self-administered所以不好调查follow-up questions，容易产生误差biased data。
Interviews
四种采访：
➔ Unstructured: Not directed by a script. Rich but not replicable.非结构型内容丰富但是不可重复
➔ Structured: Tightly scripted, often like a questionnaire. Replicable but may lack richness.相反
➔ Semi-structured: Guided by a script, but interesting issues can be explored in more depth. Can provide a good balance between richness and replicability.结合两者优势
➔ Focus groups: A group interview多人采访
问题分为Closed questions和Open questions，封闭问题只用回答yes no
要避免长问题，复杂问题，leading引导性问题，采访者不理解的问题
流程：
1. Introduction: Introduce yourself, explain the goals of the interview, reassure about the ethical issues, ask to record, and present the informed consent form. 2. Warm-up: Make first questions easy and non-threatening. ⇾ Build rapport (a close and harmonious relationship) 3. Main body: Present questions in a logical order 4. A cool-off period: Include a few easy questions to defuse tension at the end 5. Closure: Thank interviewee, signal the end, for example, switch recorder off.
优点：Go deep，Flexible
缺点：⇾ Skill to manage ⇾ Time and resource intensive ⇾ Data analysis ⇾ Recall problems
evaluation方法的选择
⇾ Focus of the study
⇾ Participants involved
⇾ Nature of the technique(s)
⇾ Resources available
⇾ Time available
Five key issues
1. Setting goals
⇾ What information to collect
⇾ How to analyze data once collected
2. Identifying participants
⇾ Decide from whom to gather data and how many
3. Relationship with participants ⇾ Clear and professional ⇾ Informed consent when appropriate 4. Triangulation ⇾ Look at data from more than one perspective ⇾ Collect more than one type of data, for instance, quantitative data from experiments and qualitative data from interviews
5. Pilot studies!!!!!!试点研究
Heuristic Evaluation启发式评估
Nielsen’s heuristics
1. Visibility of system status用户随时可见系统状态
2. Match between system and real world设计利用现实存在的而不是术语
3. User control and freedom允许用户随时退出错误操作（撤回
4. Consistency and standards
5. Error prevention
6. Recognition rather than recall减少用户需要记忆的东西
7. Flexibility and efficiency of use可更改的快捷键
8. Aesthetic and minimalist design减少不需要的元素irrelevant or rarely needed.
9. Help users recognize, diagnose, recover from errors错误帮助
10. Help and documentation额外说明文档
Shneiderman’s Eight Golden Rules
1. Strive for consistency. 2. Seek universal usability. 3. Offer informative feedback. 4. Design dialogs to yield closure. 5. Prevent errors. 6. Permit easy reversal of actions. 7. Keep users in control. 8. Reduce short-term memory load
启发式评估做法：
Briefing session告诉专家做什么，专家分别单独pass两次产品，第一次get feel 第二次 focus on specific features，然后Debriefing session决定问题
优点：Few ethical and practical issues因为用户不参与，Best experts have knowledge of application domain and users
缺点➔ Can be difficult and expensive to find experts，Important problems may get missed，Experts have biases，Many trivial problems are often identified, such as false alarms
walkthrough
模拟用户使用，Focus on ease of learning
需要确定三个点：Users know what to do，Users know how to do it，Users understand the feedback
evaluate的原因：
➔ Why: To check users’ requirements and confirm that users can utilize the product and that they like it
➔ What: A conceptual model, early and subsequent prototypes of a new system, more complete prototypes, and a prototype to compare with competitors’ products
➔ Where: In natural, in-the-wild, and laboratory settings
➔ When: Throughout design; finished products can be evaluated to collect information to inform new products
Different types of evaluation methods
1. Controlled settings that directly involve users ⇾ For example, usability and research labs
例如Usability testing 和 Experimental design
2. Natural settings involving users ⇾ For instance, online communities and products that are used in public places ⇾ Often there is little or no control over what users do, especially in in-the-wild settings
例如 Field study
3. Any setting that doesn’t directly involve users ⇾ For example, consultants and researchers critique the prototypes, and may predict and model how successful they will be when used by users
例如✓ Heuristic evaluation ✓ Analytics ✓ A/B testing ✓ Predictive models
Practical challenges of evaluation：
Participants’ consent参与者的同意
Interpreting data解释数据：
➔ Reliability: Does the method produce the same results on separate occasions?
➔ Validity: Does the method measure what it is intended to measure?
➔ Ecological validity: Does the environment of the evaluation distort the results?
➔ Biases: Are there biases that distort the results?
➔ Scope: How generalizable are the results?
Usability testing
Involves recording performance of typical users doing typical tasks
可使用量化分析Quantitative performance measures
➔ Number of users successfully completing the task
➔ Time to complete task
➔ Number and type of errors per task
选择5-10个有代表性的representative users进行有代表性的task
Experimental design
Test hypothesis测试假说，预测变量间的关系
Null hypothesis：自变量independent variable和因变量dependent variable没关系
Alternative hypothesis：与null相反，测试主要为了证明alter对null错
Between subjects design是分好组，每组随机对应一个情况，Within subjects design是不分组，所有人同时参与所有情况
他的lifecycle：
1. Identify a research hypothesis 2. Specify the design of the study 3. Run a pilot study to test the design, the system, and the study instruments 4. Recruit participants 5. Run the actual data collection sessions 6. Analyze the data 7. Report the results
Observations观察
分为两种：Direct observation（In the field/controlled environments）和Indirect observation（tracking users’ activities）
要注意的点：（也可简化为who，where，what）
➔ Space➔ Actors➔ Activities ➔ Objects ➔ Actions ➔ Events ➔ Time➔ Goals➔ Feelings
同时要注意How to handle sensitive topics和How to gain acceptance
Ethnography 民族志（不太懂干啥的）
Ethnography is a philosophy with a set of techniques that include participant observation and interviews ➔ Ethnographers immerse themselves in the culture that they study
controlled environment可以用 think aloud方法（把想法说出来并记录）
Field study
done in natural settings
without direct involvement of users.
会用上Experts knowledge codified in heuristics，Data collected remotely，Models that predict users’ performance
Analytics
A variety of users’ actions can be recorded by software automatically自动记录数据
优点：unobtrusive不显眼的，可以得到Large volumes of data
缺点：It raises ethical concerns about observing participants if this is done without their knowledge用户不知情可能有道德问题
A/B Testing
A large-scale experiment 大规模测试，人数在千人以上
分成两组体验两个不同版本设计，同样会May create ethical dilemmas如果用户不知情
Predictive Modeling预测模型
without directly involving users,不需要用户直接参与，成本低
用formula公式预测
应该用不到的例子：Fitts’ Law，计算指向物体时间和物体大小，距离的关系
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