人工智能教程 - 数学基础课程1.1 - 数学分析（一）34-35 泰勒级数

泰勒级数

$C_{N+1}=\frac{N{C}_N+1(C_N+1)}{N+1}-\frac{(N+1)C_N+1}{N+1}$

Center of mass of N+1 blocks

X-coordinate

$C_{N+1}=C_N+\frac{1}{N+1}$

$C_1=1$
$C_2=1+\frac{1}{2}$
$C_3=C_2+\frac{1}{3}=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}$
$C_N=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{N}$

$C_N=S_N$
$lnN<S_N<(lnN)+1$
$asN\to \infty ,lnN\to \infty and{S}_N\to \infty$

Power Series

$1+x+x^2+x^3+...=\frac{1}{1-x}$

|x|<1 (geometric series)

(converge)

$(1+x+x^2)=S$
$x+x^2+x^3+...=Sx$
$1=S-Sx=S(1-x)$

Resoning incomplete because it requires S exists

General Power Series

$a_0+a_{1}x+a_2{x}^2+a_3{x}^3+...={\sum }_{n=0}^{\infty }{a}_n{x}^n$

|x|<R(radius of convergence)

(-R<x<R)

where series convergence $\sum a_n{x}^n$ diverge

|x|>R very delicate borderline(很微妙的边界)—not used by us

$|a_n{x}^n|\to 0$ exponentially fast |x|<R

$|a_n{x}^n|\ne \to 0$ for |x|>R

Rules for conergant power series are just like polynomials

f(x)+g(x),f(x).g(x),f(g(x)),f(x)/g(x)

$\frac{d}{dx}f(x),\int f(x)dx$

$\frac{d}{dx}(a_0+a_{1}x+a_2{x}^2+a_3{x}^3+...)=a_1+2a_{2}x+3a_3{x}^2+...$
$\int (a_0+a_{1}x+a_2{x}^2+...)dx=c+a_0+a_1{x}^2/2+a_2{x}^3/3+...$

Taylor’s formula:

$f(x)={\sum }_{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}{x}^n$

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级数

$f(x)=f(0)+f^{\prime }(0)x+\frac{f^{\prime \prime }(0)}{2!}{x}^2+...$

Ex: （Euler欧拉）

	x=0
$f(x)=e^x$	1
$f^{\prime }(x)=e^x$	1
$f^{\prime \prime }(x)=e^x$	1

$e^x=1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^3}{3!}+...$

Ex2:

$\frac{1}{1+x}=1-x+x^2-x^3+...$

Ex3:

$sin(x)=x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}-...$

New Power Series From Old

1). Multiply

$xsin(x)=x^2-\frac{x^4}{3!}+\frac{x^6}{5!}-...$

2). Differentiate求导

$cos(x)=si{n}^{\prime }(x)=1-\frac{3x^2}{3!}+\frac{5x^4}{5!}-...=1-\frac{x^2}{2}+\frac{x^4}{4!}-...$

3). Integrate:

$ln(1+x)={\int }_0^x\frac{dt}{1+t}$

$(x>-1)={\int }_0^x(1-t+t^2+t^3+...)dt$

$=[t-\frac{t^2}{2}+\frac{t^3}{3}-\frac{t^4}{4}+...]{|}_0^x$

$ln(1+x)=[x-\frac{x^2}{2}+\frac{x^3}{3}-\frac{x^4}{4}+...](R=1)$

4).Substitue:

$e^{-t^2}$$(x=-t^2;in{e}^x)$

$=1-t^2+\frac{t^4}{2!}+\frac{t^6}{3!}-...$

$Erf(x)=\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi }}{\int }_0^x{e}^{-t^2}dx=\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi }}(x-\frac{x^3}{3}+\frac{x^5}{5.2!}-\frac{7^3}{7.3!}+...)$