writing | 如何写好一篇学术论文（四）三大步骤

写文章分为三大步：

pre-writing，花费时间70%

writing，花费时间10%

revision, 花费时间20% 

1. pre-writing

总结该段你主要表达什么主题，一个段落一个主题，然后段内又分为几个小主题。

构建你自己的组织系统，比如划分几个主要表达的主题，对于每个主题，填充信息细节，不要一上来就急着把信息收集起来然后堆砌

a. organize paper structure

b. gather information

c. planning structure of essay, and fill the information

d. use the piece time to revise

2. writing

1. 不要一上来就追求完美
2. 重点在于逻辑结构，而非句子连接细节

3. revision

1. 把你的文章大声读出来，

 

Paractice

1. In assessing the quality of an instrument we distinguish three quality domains, i.e. reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Each domain contains one or more measurement properties. The domain reliability contains three measurement properties: internal consistency, reliability, and measurement error. The domain validity also contains three measurement properties: content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity. The domain responsiveness contains only one measurement property, which is also called responsiveness. The term and definition of the domain and measurement property responsiveness are actually the same, but they are distinguished in the taxonomy for reasons of clarity. Some measurement properties contain one or more aspects, that were defined separately: Content validity includes face validity, and construct validity include structural validity, hypotheses testing, and cross-cultural validity.

In assessing the quality of an instrument, we distinguish three quality domains - reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Each domain contains one or more measurement properties: Reliability contains  internal consistency, reliability, and measurement error; validity  contains content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity;  responsiveness contains only one measurement property, which is also called responsiveness. (不是分段，仅为了方便看)

Simultaneously, some measurement properties contain one or more aspects, that were defined separately: Content validity includes face validity; construct validity include structural validity, hypotheses testing, and cross-cultural validity.

The term and definition of the domain and measurement property responsiveness are actually the same, but they are distinguished in the taxonomy for reasons of clarity.

(其实用表格或者图表示这个包含关系更好)

We assess each instrument based on reliability, validity, and responsiveness. These domains may be subdivided into measurement properties: Reliability includes these three measurement properties; validity includes content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity; responsiveness is both a domain and a measurement property. Some measurement properties additionally contain multiple aspects. For example, construct validity includes structural validity, hypothesis testing and cross cultural validity.

2. The church’s record-keeping system is very accuracy reported in (2). Briefly, the church creates and maintains a church record for each individual who is baptized into the church. These records are created at the congregation level at the time of baptism and then forwarded to the general church level where the membership record is added to the church membership database. These records contain minimal information including name, date of birth, parents’ names, dates of church ordinances, and current address. Each congregation has a lay membership clerk who is responsible for updating the membership records for the members of the congregation. Such updates would include dates of ordinances received after baptism (e.g., priesthood ordination or marriage), name of spouse when a member marries, change of current address and date of death. （两段合成一段）

While the accuracy of the church record is dependent upon lay clerks within each congregation, each member has an opportunity to review their membership record once a year to check it for accuracy. For this reason and because the church emphasizes accurate record keeping, the information available from the church records is quite reliable, especially for members who are actively involved in the church. When a member dies and the clerk reports his/her death to the Church Membership Council, the membership record is updated and then archived in the church’s deceased membership file.

The church’s record-keeping system is very accuracy reported in (2). Briefly, the church creates and maintains the record for each baptized individual.

These records are created at the congregation level at baptism, then forwarded to the general church level and added to the church membership database.

These records contain minimal information including name, birth date, parents’ names, dates of church ordinances, and address. Each congregation has a lay membership clerk to update the membership records, including dates of ordinances received after baptism (e.g., priesthood ordination or marriage), spouse's name, changed address and death date.

While the accuracy of the record is depended on lay clerks, each member has an opportunity to review their record once a year. For this reason, the information is quite reliable, especially for members who are actively involved in the church.

The church’s record-keeping system is accurate and reliable(2). When a new member is baptized, the church congregation creates a member record that includes: name, date of birth, parents' names, current address and dates of church ordinances. A lay clerk enters these records into the general church database, and updates them to reflect dates of new ordinances(e.g. marriage), spouse name, changes of address and date of death. Members may review their membership records once a year, which helps ensure accuracy. When a member dies, the membership record is archived.

3. Previous studies have consistently reported increased risk of subsequent drug use associated with conduct problems and antisocial behavior in childhood (1-5), and an association of drug dependence with conduct problems was found in a general survey of young adults (9). Furthermore, long-term relationships between aggressive, unconventional, and impulsive behaviors have also been found with drug use involvement generally (10-12). However（用于对比，此处不是对比，是提出了两个观点，应为两个段落）, different pathways between early childhood misbehavior and drug involvement may exist. Psychiatric symptoms and cognitive disabilities may be manifest as aggressive behaviors and drug use may be a response to impulsive tendencies that often co-occur with aggression or misbehavior. Distress and failure to adopt responsible conventional roles and behaviors may be important mediators linking childhood misbehavior to late drug dependence (13,14).

Previous studies have consistently reported drug dependence is associated with conduct problems and antisocial behavior in childhood (1-5), and young adults (9). Furthermore, long-term relationships between aggressive, unconventional, and impulsive behaviors have been found with drug use (10-12). However, different pathways between these association may exist. Psychiatric symptoms and cognitive disabilities may be manifest as aggressive behaviors, and drug use as impulsive tendencies which often co-occur with misbehavior. Distress and failure to be responsible for conventional roles may be important mediators linking childhood misbehavior to later drug dependence (13,14).

Previous studies have linked early childhood conduct problems with subsequent drug use(1-5). Studies have also found that young adults(9) and adults(10-12) drug users exhibit more aggressive, unconventional, and impulsive behaviors than their peers.

Several pathways may explain our finding: aggressive children may have underlying psychiatric disorders or cognitive disabilities that increase their risk of drug use; misbehavior tends to co-occur with impulsivity, which increases the risk of drug use; and childhood misbehavior may lead to long-term problems, such as persistent distress or a failure to ever adopt conventional roles or behaviors, which may lead to drug dependence(13,14).