Tensorflow实现CIFAR-10分类问题-详解三cifar10_input.py

接下来说cifar10_input.py这个文件。

从概念上来说，这部分主要是关于数据管道（data pipe）的构建，数据流向为“二进制文件->文件名队列->数据队列->读取出的data-batch”。数据块用于输入到深度学习网络中，进行信息的forward propagation，这部分在定义模型本身部分讨论。在定义整个数据管道的时候，会使用到TensorFlow的队列机制。另外，读原数据文件的时候，要结合文件本身的格式。

"""Routine for decoding the CIFAR-10 binary file format."""

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import os

from six.moves import xrange  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
import tensorflow as tf

# Process images of this size. Note that this differs from the original CIFAR
# image size of 32 x 32. If one alters this number, then the entire model
# architecture will change and any model would need to be retrained.
# 图像中间的24*24作为裁剪后的新图像
IMAGE_SIZE = 24

# Global constants describing the CIFAR-10 data set.
NUM_CLASSES = 10
# 训练数据集和评估数据集的数量常量
NUM_EXAMPLES_PER_EPOCH_FOR_TRAIN = 50000
NUM_EXAMPLES_PER_EPOCH_FOR_EVAL = 10000


def read_cifar10(filename_queue):
  """Reads and parses examples from CIFAR10 data files.

  Recommendation: if you want N-way read parallelism, call this function
  N times.  This will give you N independent Readers reading different
  files & positions within those files, which will give better mixing of
  examples.

  Args:
    filename_queue: A queue of strings with the filenames to read from.

  Returns:
    An object representing a single example, with the following fields:
      height: number of rows in the result (32)
      width: number of columns in the result (32)
      depth: number of color channels in the result (3)
      key: a scalar string Tensor describing the filename & record number
        for this example.
      label: an int32 Tensor with the label in the range 0..9.
      uint8image: a [height, width, depth] uint8 Tensor with the image data
  """
  # 定义一个空的类对象,类似于c语言的结构体
  class CIFAR10Record(object):
    pass
  result = CIFAR10Record()

  # Dimensions of the images in the CIFAR-10 dataset.
  # See http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html for a description of the
  # input format.
  label_bytes = 1  # 2 for CIFAR-100
  result.height = 32
  result.width = 32
  result.depth = 3
  image_bytes = result.height * result.width * result.depth
  # Every record consists of a label followed by the image, with a
  # fixed number of bytes for each.
  record_bytes = label_bytes + image_bytes

  # Read a record, getting filenames from the filename_queue.  No
  # header or footer in the CIFAR-10 format, so we leave header_bytes
  # and footer_bytes at their default of 0.
  #定义一个reader,每次从文件中读取固定字节数
  reader = tf.FixedLengthRecordReader(record_bytes=record_bytes)
  # 返回从filename_queue中读取的(key, value)对，key和value都是字符串类型的tensor，并且当队列中的某一个文件读完成时，该文件名会dequeue 
  result.key, value = reader.read(filename_queue)

  # Convert from a string to a vector of uint8 that is record_bytes long.
  # 解码操作可以看作读二进制文件，把字符串中的字节转换为数值向量,每一个数值占用一个字节,在[0, 255]区间内，因此out_type要取uint8类型  
  record_bytes = tf.decode_raw(value, tf.uint8)

  # The first bytes represent the label, which we convert from uint8->int32.
  result.label = tf.cast(
      tf.strided_slice(record_bytes, [0], [label_bytes]), tf.int32)

  # The remaining bytes after the label represent the image, which we reshape
  # from [depth * height * width] to [depth, height, width].
  depth_major = tf.reshape(
      tf.strided_slice(record_bytes, [label_bytes],
                       [label_bytes + image_bytes]),
      [result.depth, result.height, result.width])
  # Convert from [depth, height, width] to [height, width, depth].
  #对data_mat的维度进行重新排列，返回值的第i个维度对应着data_mat的第perm[i]维  
  result.uint8image = tf.transpose(depth_major, [1, 2, 0])

  return result

#生成训练图片和对应标签的队列
def _generate_image_and_label_batch(image, label, min_queue_examples,
                                    batch_size, shuffle):
  """Construct a queued batch of images and labels.

  Args:
    image: 3-D Tensor of [height, width, 3] of type.float32.
    label: 1-D Tensor of type.int32
    min_queue_examples: int32, minimum number of samples to retain,
      in the queue that provides of batches of examples.即一个batch包含的最小样本数量
    batch_size: Number of images per batch.
    shuffle: boolean indicating whether to use a shuffling queue.

  Returns:
    images: Images. 4D tensor of [batch_size, height, width, 3] size.
    labels: Labels. 1D tensor of [batch_size] size.
  """
  # Create a queue that shuffles the examples, and then
  # read 'batch_size' images + labels from the example queue.
  num_preprocess_threads = 16
  if shuffle:
    #tf.train.shuffle_batch()函数用于随机地shuffling 队列中的tensors来创建batches(也即每次可以读取多个data文件中的样例构成一个batch)。这个函数向当前Graph中添加了下列对象： 
    #*创建了一个shuffling queue，用于把‘tensors’中的tensors压入该队列； 
    #*一个dequeue_many操作，用于根据队列中的数据创建一个batch； 
    #*创建了一个QueueRunner对象，用于启动一个进程压数据到队列 
    #capacity参数用于控制shuffling queue的最大长度；min_after_dequeue参数表示进行一次dequeue操作后队列中元素的最小数量，可以用于确保batch中元素的随机性；num_threads参数用于指定多少个threads负责压tensors到队列；enqueue_many参数用于表征是否tensors中的每一个tensor都代表一个样例 
    #比如batch_size=5,capacity=10,min_after_dequeue=5,初始是有序的0,1，..,9(10条记录)，然后打乱8,2,6,4,3,7,9,2,0,1(10条记录),队尾取出5条，剩下7,9,2,0,1(5条记录),然后又按顺序补充进来，变成7,9,2,0,1,10,11,12,13,14(10条记录)，再打乱13,10,2,7,0,12...1(10条记录)，再出队...
    #tf.train.batch()与之类似，只不过顺序地出队列（也即每次只能从一个data文件中读取batch），少了随机性。
    images, label_batch = tf.train.shuffle_batch(
        [image, label],
        batch_size=batch_size,
        num_threads=num_preprocess_threads,
        capacity=min_queue_examples + 3 * batch_size,
        min_after_dequeue=min_queue_examples)
  else:
    images, label_batch = tf.train.batch(
        [image, label],
        batch_size=batch_size,
        num_threads=num_preprocess_threads,
        capacity=min_queue_examples + 3 * batch_size)

  # Display the training images in the visualizer.
  tf.summary.image('images', images)

  return images, tf.reshape(label_batch, [batch_size])

#对训练数据进行'数据增强'操作,通过增加训练集的大小来防止过拟合
def distorted_inputs(data_dir, batch_size):
  """Construct distorted input for CIFAR training using the Reader ops.

  Args:
    data_dir: Path to the CIFAR-10 data directory.
    batch_size: Number of images per batch.

  Returns:
    images: Images. 4D tensor of [batch_size, IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE, 3] size.
    labels: Labels. 1D tensor of [batch_size] size.
  """
  filenames = [os.path.join(data_dir, 'data_batch_%d.bin' % i)
               for i in xrange(1, 6)]
  for f in filenames:#检验训练数据集文件是否存在
    if not tf.gfile.Exists(f):
      raise ValueError('Failed to find file: ' + f)

  # Create a queue that produces the filenames to read.
  ## 把文件名输出到队列中，作为整个data pipe的第一阶段
  filename_queue = tf.train.string_input_producer(filenames)

  # Read examples from files in the filename queue.
  read_input = read_cifar10(filename_queue)#从文件名队列中读取一个tensor类型的图像
  reshaped_image = tf.cast(read_input.uint8image, tf.float32)

  height = IMAGE_SIZE
  width = IMAGE_SIZE

  # Image processing for training the network. Note the many random
  # distortions applied to the image.

  # Randomly crop a [height, width] section of the image.
  distorted_image = tf.random_crop(reshaped_image, [height, width, 3])#从原图像中切割出子图像 

  # Randomly flip the image horizontally.
  distorted_image = tf.image.random_flip_left_right(distorted_image)#随机地左右翻转图像

  # Because these operations are not commutative, consider randomizing
  # the order their operation.
  # NOTE: since per_image_standardization zeros the mean and makes
  # the stddev unit, this likely has no effect see tensorflow#1458.
  distorted_image = tf.image.random_brightness(distorted_image,
                                               max_delta=63)#随机调节图像的亮度
  distorted_image = tf.image.random_contrast(distorted_image,
                                             lower=0.2, upper=1.8)#随机地调整图像对比度

  # Subtract off the mean and divide by the variance of the pixels.
  float_image = tf.image.per_image_standardization(distorted_image)#???

  # Set the shapes of tensors.
  float_image.set_shape([height, width, 3])
  read_input.label.set_shape([1])

  # Ensure that the random shuffling has good mixing properties.
  min_fraction_of_examples_in_queue = 0.4
  min_queue_examples = int(NUM_EXAMPLES_PER_EPOCH_FOR_TRAIN *
                           min_fraction_of_examples_in_queue)#设置batch的最小样本数量,即所有训练样本的2/5
  print ('Filling queue with %d CIFAR images before starting to train. '
         'This will take a few minutes.' % min_queue_examples)

  # Generate a batch of images and labels by building up a queue of examples.
  return _generate_image_and_label_batch(float_image, read_input.label,
                                         min_queue_examples, batch_size,
                                         shuffle=True)


def inputs(eval_data, data_dir, batch_size):
  """Construct input for CIFAR evaluation using the Reader ops.

  Args:
    eval_data: bool, indicating if one should use the train or eval data set.
    data_dir: Path to the CIFAR-10 data directory.
    batch_size: Number of images per batch.

  Returns:
    images: Images. 4D tensor of [batch_size, IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE, 3] size.
    labels: Labels. 1D tensor of [batch_size] size.
  """
  #一句话理解batche_size,iterations,epoch: 我有1000个数据，batch_size设置为500，那么我需要2次iterations，完成1次epoch。
  if not eval_data:
    filenames = [os.path.join(data_dir, 'data_batch_%d.bin' % i)
                 for i in xrange(1, 6)]
    num_examples_per_epoch = NUM_EXAMPLES_PER_EPOCH_FOR_TRAIN #训练样本数量常量
  else:
    filenames = [os.path.join(data_dir, 'test_batch.bin')]
    num_examples_per_epoch = NUM_EXAMPLES_PER_EPOCH_FOR_EVAL #评估样本数量常量

  for f in filenames:
    if not tf.gfile.Exists(f):
      raise ValueError('Failed to find file: ' + f)

  # Create a queue that produces the filenames to read.
  filename_queue = tf.train.string_input_producer(filenames)

  # Read examples from files in the filename queue.
  read_input = read_cifar10(filename_queue)
  reshaped_image = tf.cast(read_input.uint8image, tf.float32)

  height = IMAGE_SIZE
  width = IMAGE_SIZE

  # Image processing for evaluation.
  # Crop the central [height, width] of the image.
  resized_image = tf.image.resize_image_with_crop_or_pad(reshaped_image,
                                                         height, width)

  # Subtract off the mean and divide by the variance of the pixels.减均值然后除以标准差(图片标准化,平均数为0,标准差为1)
  #具体可参考https://www.zhihu.com/question/21600637/answer/123780437
  float_image = tf.image.per_image_standardization(resized_image)

  # Set the shapes of tensors.
  float_image.set_shape([height, width, 3])
  read_input.label.set_shape([1])

  # Ensure that the random shuffling has good mixing properties.
  min_fraction_of_examples_in_queue = 0.4
  min_queue_examples = int(num_examples_per_epoch *
                           min_fraction_of_examples_in_queue)

  # Generate a batch of images and labels by building up a queue of examples.
  return _generate_image_and_label_batch(float_image, read_input.label,
                                         min_queue_examples, batch_size,
                                         shuffle=False)