数论第四周

Classical Modular polynomial（模多项式）

Theorem A congruence 𝑓(𝑥)≡ 0 mod 𝑝 (𝑝 is a prime) of degree 𝑛 has at most
𝑛 solutions.

p是质数的话，f(x)次数是几就有几个解

Corollary If ≡ 0 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝 has more than 𝑛 solutions, then all
𝑎𝑖 ≡ 0 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝.

就是对上面的定理加以限定，能让上面定理成立的话，必须多项式所有系数不同时为p的倍数

Theorem Let ,𝑓(x) ≡ 0 mod 𝑝 has exactly 𝑛 distinct solutions if and only if 𝑓(𝑥) divides .

Namely, there exists 𝑔(𝑥) ∈ 𝑍(𝑥) such that   as polynomials.

两个前提条件

1.

2.f(x) ≡ 0 mod p

Corollary If 𝑑|𝑝 − 1 then   ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝 has exactly 𝑑 distinct solutions mod 𝑝.

Order(阶)

定义

If 𝑔𝑐𝑑(𝑎, 𝑚) = 1 and ℎ is the smallest positive integer such that ≡ 1 mod 𝑚
then say ℎ is the order of 𝑎 mod 𝑚. Notation: ℎ = .

a,m互质情况下，找到最小正整数h满足 ≡ 1 mod 𝑚，此时h就是a%m的阶

上课的时候画了一大张表找了半天规律

行为n,列为k，结果为

 
Lemma. Let ℎ = . The set of integers 𝑘 such that ≡ 1 mod 𝑚 is exactly
the set of multiples of ℎ.

a的k次方去%m等与1时，此时k一定是阶的倍数

Lemma. If 𝑎 has order ℎ mod 𝑚 and 𝑏 has order 𝑘 mod 𝑚, and 𝑔𝑐𝑑 (ℎ, 𝑘) = 1,
then 𝑎𝑏 has order ℎ𝑘 mod 𝑚.

a%m的阶数为h，b%m的阶数为k,h,k互质时，(ab)%m的阶数为hk

很好说明

原根只是开了个头归到下周吧