Normalization方法

1，处理生物学重复问题

在生物学实验中，常常需要做3次或以上的重复，但在用数据时，往往要考虑用哪个重复去代表这个状态，比较常用的方法貌似是取平均值，但更好的貌似是下面这种（from L1000）：
L1000 experiments are typically done in 3 or more biological replicates. We derive a consensus replicate signature by applying the moderated z-score (MODZ) procedure as follows. First, a pairwise Spearman correlation matrix is computed between the replicate signatures in the space of landmark genes with trivial self-correlations being ignored (set to 0). Then, weights for each replicate are computed as the sum of its correlations to the other replicates, normalized such that all weights sum to 1. Finally, the consensus signature is given by the linear combination of the replicate signatures with the coefficients set to the weights. This procedure serves to mitigate the effects of uncorrelated or outlier replicates, and can be thought of as a ‘de-noised’ representation of the given experiment’s transcriptional consequences.