R画图例子

Creating a Graph

# Creating a Graph
attach(mtcars)
plot(wt, mpg)
abline(lm(mpg~wt))
title("Regression of MPG on Weight")

Simple plot

plot(cars$dist~cars$speed, # y~x
     main="Relationship between car distance & speed",
     xlab="Speed (miles per hour)", #X axis title
     ylab="Distance travelled (miles)", #Y axis title
     xlim=c(0,30), #Set x axis limits from 0 to 30
     ylim=c(0,140), #Set y axis limits from 0 to 140
     xaxs="i", #Set x axis style as internal
     yaxs="i", #Set y axis style as internal
     col="red", #Set the color of plotting symbol to re
     pch=20) #Set the plotting symbol to filled dots

x <- c(1:5); y <- x # create some data
par(pch=22, col="red") # plotting symbol and color
par(mfrow=c(2,4)) # all plots on one page
opts = c("p","l","o","b","c","s","S","h")
for(i in 1:length(opts)){
  heading = paste("type=",opts[i])
  plot(x, y, type="n", main=heading)
  lines(x, y, type=opts[i])
}

Dot Plots

# Simple Dotplot
dotchart(mtcars$mpg,labels=row.names(mtcars),cex=.7,
   main="Gas Milage for Car Models",
   xlab="Miles Per Gallon")

# Dotplot: Grouped Sorted and Colored
# Sort by mpg, group and color by cylinder
x <- mtcars[order(mtcars$mpg),] # sort by mpg
x$cyl <- factor(x$cyl) # it must be a factor
x$color[x$cyl==4] <- "red"
x$color[x$cyl==6] <- "blue"
x$color[x$cyl==8] <- "darkgreen"
dotchart(x$mpg,labels=row.names(x),cex=.7,groups= x$cyl,
   main="Gas Milage for Car Models\ngrouped by cylinder",
   xlab="Miles Per Gallon", gcolor="black", color=x$color)

Bar Plots

Simple Bar Plot

# Simple Bar Plot
counts <- table(mtcars$gear)
barplot(counts, main="Car Distribution",
   xlab="Number of Gears") 

# Simple Horizontal Bar Plot with Added Labels
counts <- table(mtcars$gear)
barplot(counts, main="Car Distribution", horiz=TRUE,
  names.arg=c("3 Gears", "4 Gears", "5 Gears"))

Stacked Bar Plot

# Stacked Bar Plot with Colors and Legend
counts <- table(mtcars$vs, mtcars$gear)
barplot(counts, main="Car Distribution by Gears and VS",
  xlab="Number of Gears", col=c("darkblue","red"),
  legend = rownames(counts)) 

Grouped Bar Plot

counts <- table(mtcars$vs, mtcars$gear)
barplot(counts, main="Car Distribution by Gears and VS",
  xlab="Number of Gears", col=c("darkblue","red"),
  legend = rownames(counts), beside=TRUE)

Line Charts

x <- c(1:5); y <- x # create some data
par(pch=22, col="red") # plotting symbol and color
par(mfrow=c(2,4)) # all plots on one page
opts = c("p","l","o","b","c","s","S","h")
for(i in 1:length(opts)){
  heading = paste("type=",opts[i])
  plot(x, y, type="n", main=heading)
  lines(x, y, type=opts[i])
}

x <- c(1:5); y <- x # create some data
par(pch=22, col="blue") # plotting symbol and color
par(mfrow=c(2,4)) # all plots on one page
opts = c("p","l","o","b","c","s","S","h")
for(i in 1:length(opts){
  heading = paste("type=",opts[i])
  plot(x, y, main=heading)
  lines(x, y, type=opts[i])
}

# Create Line Chart

# convert factor to numeric for convenience
Orange$Tree <- as.numeric(Orange$Tree)
ntrees <- max(Orange$Tree)

# get the range for the x and y axis
xrange <- range(Orange$age)
yrange <- range(Orange$circumference)

# set up the plot
plot(xrange, yrange, type="n", xlab="Age (days)",
   ylab="Circumference (mm)" )
colors <- rainbow(ntrees)
linetype <- c(1:ntrees)
plotchar <- seq(18,18+ntrees,1)

# add lines
for (i in 1:ntrees) {
  tree <- subset(Orange, Tree==i)
  lines(tree$age, tree$circumference, type="b", lwd=1.5,
    lty=linetype[i], col=colors[i], pch=plotchar[i])
}

# add a title and subtitle
title("Tree Growth", "example of line plot")

# add a legend
legend(xrange[1], yrange[2], 1:ntrees, cex=0.8, col=colors,
   pch=plotchar, lty=linetype, title="Tree")

Pie Charts

simple plot

slices <- c(10, 12,4, 16, 8)
lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", "Germany", "France")
pie(slices, labels = lbls, main="Pie Chart of Countries")

Pie Chart with Annotated Percentages

# Pie Chart with Percentages
slices <- c(10, 12, 4, 16, 8)
lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", "Germany", "France")
pct <- round(slices/sum(slices)*100)
lbls <- paste(lbls, pct) # add percents to labels
lbls <- paste(lbls,"%",sep="") # ad % to labels
pie(slices,labels = lbls, col=rainbow(length(lbls)),
   main="Pie Chart of Countries") 

3D Pie Chart

# 3D Exploded Pie Chart
library(plotrix)
slices <- c(10, 12, 4, 16, 8)
lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", "Germany", "France")
pie3D(slices,labels=lbls,explode=0.1,
   main="Pie Chart of Countries ")

• Creating Annotated Pies from a data frame

# Pie Chart from data frame with Appended Sample Sizes
mytable <- table(iris$Species)
lbls <- paste(names(mytable), "\n", mytable, sep="")
pie(mytable, labels = lbls,
   main="Pie Chart of Species\n (with sample sizes)") 

Boxplots

# Boxplot of MPG by Car Cylinders
boxplot(mpg~cyl,data=mtcars, main="Car Milage Data",
   xlab="Number of Cylinders", ylab="Miles Per Gallon") 

# Notched Boxplot of Tooth Growth Against 2 Crossed Factors
# boxes colored for ease of interpretation
boxplot(len~supp*dose, data=ToothGrowth, notch=TRUE,
  col=(c("gold","darkgreen")),
  main="Tooth Growth", xlab="Suppliment and Dose") 

# Violin Plots
library(vioplot)
x1 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==4]
x2 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==6]
x3 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==8]
vioplot(x1, x2, x3, names=c("4 cyl", "6 cyl", "8 cyl"),
   col="gold")
title("Violin Plots of Miles Per Gallon")

# Example of a Bagplot
library(aplpack)
attach(mtcars)
bagplot(wt,mpg, xlab="Car Weight", ylab="Miles Per Gallon",
  main="Bagplot Example") 

Scatterplots

Simple Scatterplot

# Simple Scatterplot
attach(mtcars)
plot(wt, mpg, main="Scatterplot Example",
   xlab="Car Weight ", ylab="Miles Per Gallon ", pch=19) 

# Add fit lines
abline(lm(mpg~wt), col="red") # regression line (y~x)
lines(lowess(wt,mpg), col="blue") # lowess line (x,y) 

# Enhanced Scatterplot of MPG vs. Weight
# by Number of Car Cylinders
library(car)
scatterplot(mpg ~ wt | cyl, data=mtcars,
   xlab="Weight of Car", ylab="Miles Per Gallon",
   main="Enhanced Scatter Plot",
   labels=row.names(mtcars)) 

Scatterplot Matrices

# Basic Scatterplot Matrix
pairs(~mpg+disp+drat+wt,data=mtcars,
   main="Simple Scatterplot Matrix")

# Scatterplot Matrices from the lattice Package
library(lattice)
splom(mtcars[c(1,3,5,6)], groups=cyl, data=mtcars,
   panel=panel.superpose,
   key=list(title="Three Cylinder Options",
   columns=3,
   points=list(pch=super.sym$pch[1:3],
   col=super.sym$col[1:3]),
   text=list(c("4 Cylinder","6 Cylinder","8 Cylinder")))) 

# Scatterplot Matrices from the car Package
library(car)
scatterplot.matrix(~mpg+disp+drat+wt|cyl, data=mtcars,
   main="Three Cylinder Options")

# Scatterplot Matrices from the glus Package
library(gclus)
dta <- mtcars[c(1,3,5,6)] # get data
dta.r <- abs(cor(dta)) # get correlations
dta.col <- dmat.color(dta.r) # get colors
# reorder variables so those with highest correlation
# are closest to the diagonal
dta.o <- order.single(dta.r)
cpairs(dta, dta.o, panel.colors=dta.col, gap=.5,
main="Variables Ordered and Colored by Correlation" )

High Density Scatterplots

# High Density Scatterplot with Binning
library(hexbin)
x <- rnorm(1000)
y <- rnorm(1000)
bin<-hexbin(x, y, xbins=50)
plot(bin, main="Hexagonal Binning") 

# High Density Scatterplot with Color Transparency
pdf("c:/scatterplot.pdf")
x <- rnorm(1000)
y <- rnorm(1000)
plot(x,y, main="PDF Scatterplot Example", col=rgb(0,100,0,50,maxColorValue=255), pch=16)
dev.off()

3D Scatterplots

# 3D Scatterplot
library(scatterplot3d)
attach(mtcars)
scatterplot3d(wt,disp,mpg, main="3D Scatterplot")

# 3D Scatterplot with Coloring and Vertical Drop Lines
library(scatterplot3d)
attach(mtcars)
scatterplot3d(wt,disp,mpg, pch=16, highlight.3d=TRUE,
  type="h", main="3D Scatterplot")

# 3D Scatterplot with Coloring and Vertical Lines
# and Regression Plane
library(scatterplot3d)
attach(mtcars)
s3d <-scatterplot3d(wt,disp,mpg, pch=16, highlight.3d=TRUE,
  type="h", main="3D Scatterplot")
fit <- lm(mpg ~ wt+disp)
s3d$plane3d(fit)

# Spinning 3d Scatterplot
library(rgl)
plot3d(wt, disp, mpg, col="red", size=3) 

# Another Spinning 3d Scatterplot
library(Rcmdr)
attach(mtcars)
scatter3d(wt, disp, mpg) 

Density Plots

Histograms

# Simple Histogram
hist(mtcars$mpg)

# Colored Histogram with Different Number of Bins
hist(mtcars$mpg, breaks=12, col="red") 

# Add a Normal Curve 
x <- mtcars$mpg
h<-hist(x, breaks=10, col="red", xlab="Miles Per Gallon",
   main="Histogram with Normal Curve")
xfit<-seq(min(x),max(x),length=40)
yfit<-dnorm(xfit,mean=mean(x),sd=sd(x))
yfit <- yfit*diff(h$mids[1:2])*length(x)
lines(xfit, yfit, col="blue", lwd=2) 

Kernel Density Plots

# Kernel Density Plot
d <- density(mtcars$mpg) # returns the density data
plot(d) # plots the results 

# Filled Density Plot
d <- density(mtcars$mpg)
plot(d, main="Kernel Density of Miles Per Gallon")
polygon(d, col="red", border="blue") 

Comparing Groups VIA Kernal Density

# Compare MPG distributions for cars with
# 4,6, or 8 cylinders
library(sm)
attach(mtcars)

# create value labels
cyl.f <- factor(cyl, levels= c(4,6,8),
  labels = c("4 cylinder", "6 cylinder", "8 cylinder"))

# plot densities
sm.density.compare(mpg, cyl, xlab="Miles Per Gallon")
title(main="MPG Distribution by Car Cylinders")

# add legend via mouse click
colfill<-c(2:(2+length(levels(cyl.f))))
legend(locator(1), levels(cyl.f), fill=colfill)