多元函数微分学习题01
一、考试内容
多元函数的概念、二元函数的极限和连续性,一阶偏导数与全微分,复合函数与隐函数的求导法,二阶偏导数,二元函数的极值
二、考试要求与基本知识
(1)了解多元函数的概念
了解二元函数的极限和连续性的概念
(2)理解偏导数的概念.了解全微分的概念
(3)会求二元函数的一阶、二阶偏导数,会求二元函数的全微分
(4)掌握复合函数一阶偏导数的求法
(5)会求由方程F(x, y, z) = 0所确定的隐函数z = z(x, y)的一阶偏导数
(6)了解二元函数极值存在的必要条件、充分条件,会求二元函数的极值
例题分析
(一)单项选择题
例1.函数f(x,y)=1ln(x 2 +y 2 −1) 的定义域为( D )
A.x 2 +y 2 >0B.x 2 +y 2 ≥1C.x 2 +y 2 >1D.x 2 +y 2 >1,x 2 +y 2 ≠2
解:ln(x 2 +y 2 −1)≠0⟹x 2 +y 2 ≠2x 2 +y 2 −1>0⟹x 2 +y 2 >1
例2.设z=f(x,y)定义域为D={(x,y)|0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1},则函数f(x 2 ,y 2 )的定义域为( D )
A.{(x,y)|0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1}B.{(x,y)|−1≤x≤1,0≤y≤1}C.{(x,y)|0≤x≤1,−1≤y≤1}D.{(x,y)|−1≤x≤1,−1≤y≤1}
例3.二元函数f(x,y)=x−y √ − − − − − − √ 的定义域为( D )
A.x≥0,y≥0B.x>y≥0C.x>y √ ≥0D.x≥y √ ≥0
例4.设f(x+y,x−y)=x 2 −y 2 ,则f(x,y)=( D )
A.x 2 −y 2 B.x 2 +y 2 C.(x−y) 2 D.x⋅y
解:令x+y=u,x−y=v,则x=u+v2 ,y=u−v2 f(u,bv)=(u+v2 ) 2 −(u−v2 ) 2 =u⋅v即f(x,y)=x⋅y解法2f(x+y,x−y)=x 2 −y 2 =(x+y)⋅(x−y)→f(x,y)=x⋅y
例5.设f(x,y)=dfracyx 2 +y 2 ,则f(yx ,1)=( B )
A.yx+y B.xx+y C.yx+y 2 D.xx+y 2
解:f(yx ,1)=1yx +1 2 =xx+y
例6.已知f(xy,x−y)=x 2 +y 2 ,则∂f(x,y)∂x +∂f(x,y)∂y =( C )
A.x+2yB.x−2yC.2x+2yD.2x−2y
解:令u=xy,v=x−y,f(u,v)=2u+v 2 ∂f(x,y)∂x +∂f(x,y)∂y =∂f(x,y)∂u ∂u∂x +∂f(x,y)∂v ∂v∂x +∂f(x,y)∂u ∂u∂y +∂f(x,y)∂v ∂v∂y =2y+2v+2x−2v=2(x+y)
例9.函数z=x 2 +5y 2 −6x+10y+6的驻点是( C )
A.(−3,1)B.(−3,−1)C.(3,−1)D.(3,1)
解:∂z∂x =2x−6=0,x=3∂z∂y =10y+10=0,y=−1驻点是(3,−1)
例10.设二元函数f(x,y)在点(x 0 ,y 0 )有极小值,且两个一阶偏导数都存在,则必有( B )
A.f ′ x (x 0 ,y 0 )<0,f ′ y (x 0 ,y 0 )<0B.f ′ x (x 0 ,y 0 )=0,f ′ y (x 0 ,y 0 )=0C.f ′ x (x 0 ,y 0 )>0,f ′ y (x 0 ,y 0 )=0D.f ′ x (x 0 ,y 0 )=0,f ′ y (x 0 ,y 0 )<0
(二)填空题
例11.设z=x 3 y 2 +xy 3 ,则∂z∂x ∣ ∣ ∣ (1,−1) = 2 − − −
解:∂z∂x =3x 2 y 2 +y 3 ∂z∂x ∣ ∣ ∣ (1,−1) =3⋅1 2 ⋅(−1) 2 +(−1) 3 =2
例12.设z=e yx ,则∂z∂x +∂z∂y = x−yx 2 e yx − − − − − − − − −
解:∂z∂x +∂z∂y =x−yx 2 e yx
例13.设z=cos(x 2 −y 2 ),则∂z∂y = 2ysin(x 2 −y 2 ) − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
解:设z=cosu,u=x 2 −y 2 ∂z∂y =dzdu ⋅∂u∂x =−sin(x 2 −y 2 )⋅(−2y)=2ysin(x 2 −y 2 )
例14.设z=tan(yx +xy ),则∂z∂y ∣ ∣ ∣ (1,−1) = 0 − − −
解:令u=yx ,v=xy ,z=tan(u+v)∂z∂y =∂z∂u ∂u∂y +∂z∂v ∂v∂y =sec 2 (u+v)⋅1⋅1x +sec 2 (u+v)⋅1⋅−xy 2 =sec 2 (yx +xy )(1x −xy 2 )∂z∂y ∣ ∣ ∣ (1,−1) =sec 2 (−2)⋅0=0
例15.设z=x 3 y 5 +x 2 y,则∂ 2 z∂x 2 = 6xy 5 +2y − − − − − − − − − −
解:∂z∂x =3x 2 y 5 +2xy∂ 2 z∂x 2 =6xy 5 +2y
例16.设z=ylnx,则∂ 2 z∂y 2 = 0 − − −
解:∂z∂y =lnx∂ 2 z∂y 2 =0
例17.设z=x 3 y 5 +x 2 y,则∂ 2 z∂x∂y = 15x 2 y 4 +2x − − − − − − − − − − − −
解:∂z∂x =3x 2 y 5 +2xy∂ 2 z∂x∂y =15x 2 y 4 +2x
(三)解答题
例18.已知二元函数f(x+y,xy)=x 2 +y 2 ,求f(x,y)
解:令u=x+y,v=xyf(x+y,xy)=x 2 +y 2 =(x+y) 2 −2xy=u 2 −2v=f(u,v) 即f(x,y)=x 2 −2y
例19.设z=arctanxy ,求z=arctanxy 的偏导数
解:令u=xy ,z=arctanu∂z∂x =dzdu ∂u∂x =11+u 2 ⋅1y =yx 2 +y 2 ∂z∂y =dzdu ∂u∂y =11+u 2 ⋅−xy 2 =−xx 2 +y 2
例20.设z=e xy ⋅cos(x 2 −y),求dz
解:令u=e xy ,v=cos(x 2 −y),z=uv∂z∂x =∂z∂u ∂u∂x +∂z∂v ∂v∂x =v⋅ye xy +u⋅2x[−sin(x 2 −y)]=ycos(x 2 −y)e xy +e xy ⋅2x[−sin(x 2 −y)]=e xy [ycos(x 2 −y)−2xsin(x 2 −y)]∂z∂y =∂z∂u ∂u∂y +∂z∂v ∂v∂y =v⋅xe xy +u⋅[−sin(x 2 −y)⋅(−1)]=cos(x 2 −y)⋅xe xy +e xy ⋅sin(x 2 −y)=e xy [xcos(x 2 −y)+sin(x 2 −y)]dz=∂z∂x dx+∂z∂y dy=e xy [ycos(x 2 −y)−2xsin(x 2 −y)]dx+e xy [xcos(x 2 −y)+sin(x 2 −y)]dy
例21.设z=arcsin(yx √ ),求dz
解:令z=arcsin(u),u=yx √ dz=dzdu ∂u∂x dx+dzdu ∂u∂y dy=11−u 2 − − − − − √ [y2x √ dx+x √ dy]=11−xy 2 − − − − − − √ [ydx+2xdy2x √ ]=ydx+2xdy2x−x 2 y 2 − − − − − − − √
例22.设z=(x 2 +y 2 )e xy ,求∂z∂x ,∂z∂y
解:令u=x 2 +y 2 ,v=e xy ,则z=uv∂z∂x =∂z∂u ∂u∂x +∂z∂v ∂v∂x =v⋅2x+u⋅ye xy =e xy ⋅2x+(x 2 +y 2 )⋅ye xy =(2x+x 2 y+y 3 )e xy ∂z∂y =∂z∂u ∂u∂y +∂z∂v ∂v∂y =v⋅2y+u⋅xe xy =e xy ⋅2y+(x 2 +y 2 )⋅xe xy =(2y+x 3 +xy 2 )e xy
例23.设z=(x 2 +y 2 )e x 2 +y 2 xy ,求∂z∂x
解:∂z∂x =e x 2 +y 2 xy ∂∂x (x 2 +y 2 )+(x 2 +y 2 )∂∂x (e x 2 +y 2 xy )=2xe x 2 +y 2 xy +(x 2 +y 2 )e x 2 +y 2 xy ∂∂x (x 2 +y 2 xy )=2xe x 2 +y 2 xy +(x 2 +y 2 )e x 2 +y 2 xy ∂∂x (xy +yx )=2xe x 2 +y 2 xy +(x 2 +y 2 )e x 2 +y 2 xy (1y −yx 2 )=x 4 +2x 3 y−y 4 yx 2 e x 2 +y 2 xy
例24.设函数f(u,v)具有连续性的偏导数,而z=f(2x+3y,e xy ),求∂z∂x ,∂z∂y
解:令u=2x+3y,v=e xy ∂z∂x =∂z∂u ∂u∂x +∂z∂v ∂v∂x =∂f∂u ⋅2+∂f∂v ⋅ye xy =2∂f∂u +ye xy ∂f∂v ∂z∂y =∂z∂u ∂u∂y +∂z∂v ∂v∂y =∂f∂u ⋅3+∂f∂v ⋅xe xy =3∂f∂u +xe xy ∂f∂v
例25.设函数f(u,v)具有连续的偏导数,且z=f(x,xcosy),求∂z∂x ,∂z∂y
解:令u=x,v=xcosy∂z∂x =∂z∂u ∂u∂x +∂z∂v ∂v∂x =∂f∂u ⋅1+∂f∂v ⋅cosy=∂f∂u +cosy∂f∂v ∂z∂y =∂z∂u ∂u∂y +∂z∂v ∂v∂y =∂f∂u ⋅0+∂f∂v ⋅x(−siny)=−xsiny∂f∂v
例26.设z=1x f(xy)+yφ(2x−y),其中f和φ具有连续的偏导数,求∂z∂x ,∂z∂y
解:∂z∂x =∂∂x [1x f(xy)]+∂∂x [yφ(2x−y)]=[−1x 2 f(xy)+1x ⋅∂∂x f(xy)]+y∂∂x [φ(2x−y)]=−1x 2 f(xy)+1x ⋅y⋅f ′ x (xy)+y⋅2⋅φ ′ x (2x−y)=−1x 2 f(xy)+yx ⋅f ′ x (xy)+2y⋅φ ′ x (2x−y)∂z∂x =∂∂y [1x f(xy)]+∂∂y [yφ(2x−y)]=1x ⋅∂∂y [f(xy)]+1⋅φ(2x−y)+y⋅∂∂y [φ(2x−y)]=1x ⋅f ′ y (xy)⋅x+1⋅φ(2x−y)+y⋅φ ′ y (2x−y)⋅(−1)=f ′ y (xy)+φ(2x−y)−yφ ′ y (2x−y)
例27.设函数z=z(x,y)由方程x 2 +z 2 =2ye x 确定,求∂z∂x ,∂z∂y
解:令F(x,y)=x 2 +z 2 −2ye x F ′ x =2x−2ye x F ′ y =−2e x F ′ z =2z∂z∂x =−F ′ x F ′ z =−2x−2ye x 2z =ye x −xz ∂z∂y =−F ′ y F ′ z =−−2e x 2z =e x z
例28.设函数z=z(x,y)由方程xz=y+e z 确定,求∂z∂x
解:设F(x,y,z)=xz−y−e z =0F ′ x =zF ′ y =−1F ′ z =x−e z ∂z∂x =−F ′ x F ′ z =ze z −x
例29.设函数z=z(x,y)由方程xz =lnzy 确定,求∂z∂y
解:令F(x,y,z)=xz −lnzy =0F ′ y =−1zy ⋅(−zy 2 )=1y F ′ z =−xz 2 −1zy ⋅1y =−x+zz 2 ∂z∂y =−F ′ y F ′ z =−1y −x+zz 2 =z 2 y(x+z)
例32.设z=e y(x 2 +y 2 ) ,求dz
解:∂z∂x =e y(x 2 +y 2 ) ⋅∂∂x [y(x 2 +y 2 )]=e y(x 2 +y 2 ) ⋅2xy∂z∂y =e y(x 2 +y 2 ) ⋅∂∂y [y(x 2 +y 2 )]=e y(x 2 +y 2 ) ⋅(x 2 +3y 2 )dz=∂z∂x dx+∂z∂y dy=e y(x 2 +y 2 ) [2xydx+(x 2 +3y 2 )dy]
例33.设z=f(2x+3y,e xy ),其中f(u,v)具有连续偏导数,求dz
解:令u=2x+3y,v=e xy ,∂z∂x =∂z∂u ∂u∂x +∂z∂v ∂v∂x =f ′ u ⋅2+f ′ v ⋅ye xy =2f ′ u +ye xy f ′ v ∂z∂y =∂z∂u ∂u∂y +∂z∂v ∂v∂y =f ′ u ⋅3+f ′ v ⋅xe xy =3f ′ u +xe xy f ′ v dz=∂z∂x dx+∂z∂y dy=(2f ′ u +ye xy f ′ v )dx+(3f ′ u +xe xy f ′ v )dy
例34.求函数f(x,y)=x 3 +8y 3 −6xy+5的极值
解:解一阶偏导数方程f ′ x =3x 2 −6yf ′ y =24y 2 −6x令f ′ x =0,f ′ y =0解得x 1 =0,x 2 =1y 1 =0,y 2 =12 两个驻点(0,0),(1,12 )求二阶偏导f ′′ xx =6xf ′′ xy =−6f ′′ yy =48y对于驻点(0,0),A=0,B=−6,C=0,AC−B 2 =−36<0,不是极值点对于驻点(1,12 ),A=6,B=−6,C=24AC−B 2 =108>0,A>0,是极小值点F(1,12 )=4是极小值
例35.若函数f(x,y)=2x 2 +ax+xy 2 +by+2在点(1,−1)处取得极值,试确定常数a和b,f(1,−1)是极大值还是极小值?
解:f(x,y)的一阶偏导数f ′ x =4x+a+y 2 f ′ y =2xy+b把点(1,−1)带入一阶偏到方程得:4⋅1+a+(−1) 2 =02⋅1⋅(−1)+b=0解得:a=−5,b=2即,一阶偏导方程为:f ′ x =4x−5+y 2 f ′ y =2xy+2二阶偏导方程:f ′′ xx =4f ′′ xy =2yf ′′ yy =2x对于驻点(1,−1),A=4,B=−2,C=2;AC−B 2 =4>0,A>0,该处是极小值点,f(1,−1)=2是极小值