高数 07.11 多元函数微分学习题03A二重积分

二重积分
一、考试内容:
1.二重积分的概念与性质
2.二重积分的计算法
二考试要求:
1.了解二重积分的概念和性质
2.掌握在直角坐标系下计算二重积分的方法，会交换积分次序
3.会利用极坐标计算二重积分
三、基本知识
1.二重积分的概念和性质
2.直角坐标系下计算二重积分的方法，会交换积分次序
3.极坐标计算二重积分
4.二重积分的对称性

计算二重积分的口诀:
先画积分域
域内画条线
先交为下限
后交为上限
若是不易积
换序是关键
两方同出现
极坐标简便

四、例题分析
(一)单项选择题
$例1.设函数z = f(x, y), z = g(x, y)均在有界闭区域D上\\ 存在二重积分,则能表示区域D上由曲面：z = f(x, y), \\ z = g(x, y)为上下顶面的立体体积的二重积分是(\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A. \iint_D(f(x, y) - g(x, y))d\sigma \quad B.\iint_D(|f(x, y)| - |g(x, y)|)d\sigma \\ C.\iint_D|f(x, y) - g(x, y)|d\sigma \quad D.|\iint_D(f(x, y) - g(x, y))d\sigma|$
$解:\\ 可能存在D上的某些区域f(x, y) > g(x, y),\\ 另一些区域f(x, y) < g(x, y),顾选C$

$例2.\iint_{0\leq x \leq 1, -1 \leq y \leq 1}{dxdy} = (\ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ )$
$A.1 \quad B. -1 \quad C.2 \quad D -2$
$\iint_{0\leq x \leq 1, -1 \leq y \leq 1}{dxdy} \\ = \int_0^1dx \int_{-1}^1 dy = \int_0^1 2dx = 2$

$例3.二次积分\int_0^1dx \int_0^{1 -x} f(x, y)dy 等于(\ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ )$
$A. \int_0^1dy \int_0^1 f(x, y) dx \quad B.\int_0^1 dy \int_0^{1 -x} f(x, y)dx \\ C.\int_0^{1 -x} dy \int_0^1 f(x, y)dx \quad D.\int_0^1 dy \int_0^{1 - y} f(x,y)dx$
$解:\\ 0 \leq x \leq 1, 0 \leq y \leq 1 - x; \\ \Longrightarrow 0 \leq y \leq 1, 0 \leq x \leq 1 - y$

$例4.设I_1 = \iint_D xy^2 dx dy, I_2 = \iint_D x^2y^2 dxdy, \\ I_3 = \iint_D(x^2 + y^2) dxdy,其中区域D由x^2 + y^2 = 1\\ 所围成的平面图形,则下列表达式正确的是(\ \ {\color{blue}{A} }\ \ )$
$A.I_1 \leq I_2 \leq I_3 \quad B.I_3 \leq I_1 \leq I_2 \\ C.I_2 \leq I_3 \leq I_1 \quad D.I_3 \leq I_2 \leq I_1$
$解:\\ \because x^2 + y^2 = 1 \\ 区域D是对称区域\\ xy^2 是奇函数, \\ \therefore I_1 = 0 \\ I_2 = \int_0^{2\pi} d\theta \int_0^1 r^4 \sin^2{\theta} \cos^2{\theta}rdr \\ =\dfrac{1}{6}\int_0^{2\pi} \sin^2{\theta} \cos^2{\theta} d\theta \leq \dfrac{1}{6}\int_0^{2\pi} d\theta = \dfrac{\pi}{3} \\ I_3 = \int_0^{2\pi} d\theta \int_0^1 r^2 r dr \\ = \dfrac{1}{4}\int_0^{2\pi} d\theta \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{2} \\ I_1 = 0 \leq I_2 \leq I_3 \\ 也可:因为 x^2 + y^2 \leq 1, \\ 所以x^2y^2 \leq x^2 \leq x^2 + y^2\\ 故I_2 \leq I_3 \\ \therefore I_1 \leq I_2 \leq I_3$

(二)填空题
$例5.交换二次积分次序 I = \int_0^1 dx \int_x^{\sqrt{x}} f(x, y) dy = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{ \int_0^1 dy \int_{y^2}^{y} f(x, y) dx}} \ \ }$
$解: \\\ 0 \leq x \leq 1, x \leq y \leq \sqrt{x} \\ 曲线方程：y = x, x = y^2 \\ 0 \leq y \leq 1, y^2 \leq x \leq y \\ I = \int_0^1 dy \int_{y^2}^{y} f(x, y) dx$

$例6.设积分区域是-1 \leq x \leq 1, -2 \leq y \leq 2\\ 围成的区域,则\iint_D(x^3 + 2y)dxdy = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{0}} \ \ }$
$解:\\ \iint_D(x^3 + 2y)dxdy \\ = \int_{-1}^1 dx \int_{-2}^2 (x^3 + 2y)dy \\ = \int_{-1}^1 [x^3y + y^2] _ {-2}^{2} dx \\ = \int_{-1}^1 4x^3 dx \\ = [x^4]_{-1}^1 \\ = 0 \\ 方法2: I = \iint_D(x^3 + 2y)dxdy \\ = \iint_D x^3 dxdy + \iint_D 2y dxdy \\ D是对称区域, x^3, 2y都是奇函数,所以I = 0$

$例7.设区域D是由0 \leq x \leq a, 0 \leq y \leq ax(a > 0) \\ 围成的平面区域, 且\iint_Ddxdy = 8, 则a = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{2\sqrt[3]{2}}} \ \ }$
$解:\\ S_D = \dfrac{1}{2} a a^2 = 8 \\ a = 2\sqrt[3]{2}$

(三)解答题
$例8.计算\iint_Dxy^2dxdy,其中D是直线y = x, \\ x = 1和x轴围成的平面区域.$
$解:\\ 0 \leq x \leq 1, 0 \leq y \leq x \\ \iint_Dxy^2dxdy = \int_0^1 dx \int_0^x xy^2 dy \\ = \int_0^1 [\dfrac{1}{3}xy^3]_0^x dx \\ = \int_0^1 \dfrac{1}{3}x^4 dx \\ = [\dfrac{1}{15}x^5]_0^1 \\ = \dfrac{1}{15}$

$例9.计算\iint_D\dfrac{x^2}{y^2}dxdy,其中D是由直线x = 2, \\ y = x,及双曲线xy = 1围成的平面区域.$
$解:\\ 1 \leq x \leq 2, \dfrac{1}{x} \leq y \leq x \\ \iint_D\dfrac{x^2}{y^2}dxdy \\ = \int_1^2 dx \int_{\frac{1}{x}}^{x} \dfrac{x^2}{y^2} dy \\ = \int_1^2 [-\dfrac{x^2}{y}] _ {\frac{1}{x}}^{x}dx \\ = \int_1^2 (x^3 - x)dx \\ = [\dfrac{1}{4}x^4 - \dfrac{1}{2}x^2]_1^2 \\ = \dfrac{9}{4}$

$例10.计算\iint_D \cos(x + y) dxdy,其中D是直线x = 0, \\ y = x, y = \pi围成的平面区域.$
$解:\\ 0 \leq x \leq \pi, x \leq y \leq \pi \\ \iint_D \cos(x + y) dxdy \\ = \int_0^{\pi} dx \int_x^{\pi} \cos(x + y) dy \\ = \int_0^{\pi} [\sin(x + y)]_x^{\pi}dx \\ = \int_0^{\pi} [\sin(x + \pi) - \sin{2x}]dx \\ = \int_0^{\pi} [-\sin(x) - \sin{2x}]dx \\ = [\cos(x) + \dfrac{1}{2}\cos{2x}] _0^{\pi} \\ = -2$

$例11.计算\iint_Dy^2e{xy} dxdy,其中D是曲线\\ y = x, y轴及y = 1围成的平面区域.$
$解:\\ 0 \leq y \leq 1, 0 \leq x \leq y \\ \iint_Dy^2e{xy} dxdy \\ = \int_0^1 dy \int_0^y y^2e^{xy} dx \\ = \int_0^1 [ye^{xy}]_0^y dy \\ = \int_0^1 [ye^{y^2} - y] dy \\ = [\dfrac{1}{2}e^{y^2} - \dfrac{1}{2}y^2]_0^1 \\ = \dfrac{e}{2} - 1$

$例12.计算\iint_Dydxdy,其中D是由直线x = 0, x = 1,\\ y = x及曲线y = e^x所围成的平面区域$
$解:\\ 0 \leq x \leq 1, x \leq y \leq e^x \\ \iint_Dydxdy \\ = \int_0^1 dx \int_x^{e^x} ydy \\ = \int_0^1 [\dfrac{1}{2}y^2]_x^{e^x}dx \\ = \int_0^1 (\dfrac{1}{2}e^{2x} - \dfrac{1}{2}x^2)dx \\ = [\dfrac{1}{4}e^{2x} - \dfrac{1}{6}x^3]_0^1 \\ = \dfrac{e^2}{4} -\dfrac{5}{12}$

$例13.设D是由y = x, y = x + \dfrac{1}{2}, y = \dfrac{1}{2}, y = \dfrac{3}{2}\\ 所围成的区域,计算\iint_D(x^2 + y^2)d\sigma$
$解:\\ \dfrac{1}{2} \leq y \leq \dfrac{3}{2}, y - \dfrac{1}{2} \leq x \leq y, \\ \iint_D(x^2 + y^2)d\sigma \\ = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{3}{2}}dy \int_{y - \frac{1}{2}}^{y} (x^2 + y^2) dx \\ = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{3}{2}} [\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 + y^2x]_{y - \frac{1}{2}}^{y} dy \\ = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{3}{2}} [\dfrac{1}{3}y^3 + y^2y - \dfrac{1}{3}(y - \dfrac{1}{2})^3 - y^2(y - \dfrac{1}{2})] dy \\ = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{3}{2}} [y^2 - \dfrac{1}{4}y + \dfrac{1}{24} ] dy \\ = [\dfrac{1}{3}y^3 - \dfrac{1}{8}y^2 + \dfrac{1}{24}y ]_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{3}{2}} \\ = \dfrac{121}{144}$

$例14.计算二重积分\iint_D(x^2 + y^2)dxdy,其中区域D由\\ 抛物线y = x^2及直线x = 1, y = 0围成$
$解:\\ 0 \leq x \leq 1, 0 \leq y \leq x^2, \\ \iint_D(x^2 + y^2)dxdy \\ = \int_0^1 dx \int_0^{x^2} (x^2 + y^2) dy \\ = \int_0^1 [x^2y + \dfrac{1}{3}y^3]_0^{x^2} dx \\ = \int_0^1 (x^4+ \dfrac{1}{3}x^6) dx \\ = [\dfrac{1}{5}x^5 + \dfrac{1}{21}x^7]_0^1 \\ = \dfrac{26}{105}$

$例15.将二重积分\iint_D f(x,y)dxdy化为两种次序二次积分,\\ 其中D由直线x + y = 1, x - y = 1,x = 0所围成$
$解:\\ X-型区域：\\ 0 \leq x \leq 1, x - 1 \leq y \leq 1 - x \\ \iint_D f(x,y)dxdy = \int_0^1 dx \int_{x - 1}^{1 -x} f(x, y) dy \\ Y-型区域:\\ D_1:-1 \leq y \leq 0, 0 \leq x \leq y + 1;\\ D_2:0 \leq y \leq 1, 0 \leq x \leq 1 -y; \\ \iint_D f(x,y)dxdy \\ = \int_{-1}^0 dy \int_0^{y + 1} f(x, y)dx + \int_0^1 dy \int_0^{1 - y} f(x, y) dx$

$例16.计算二重积分I = \iint_D(2 - y - \dfrac{x}{2})dxdy,其中D是\\ 由抛物线2y^2 = x和直线 x+ 2y = 4所围成的平面区域.$
$解:\\ 解x = 2y^2, x = 4 - 2y得:交点(8, -2), (2, 1) \\ Y-型区域: \\ -2 \leq y \leq 1, 2y^2 \leq x \leq 4 - 2y;\\ I = \iint_D(2 - y - \dfrac{x}{2})dxdy \\ = \int_{-2}^{1} dy \int_{2y^2}^{4 - 2y} (2 - y - \dfrac{x}{2})dx \\ = \int_{-2}^{1} [2x - yx - \dfrac{x^2}{4}] _ {2y^2}^{4 - 2y} dy \\ = \int_{-2}^{1} (4 - 4y - 3y^2 + 2y^3 + y^4)dy \\ = [4y - 2y^2 - y^3 + \dfrac{1}{2}y^4 + \dfrac{1}{5}y^5]_{-2}^{1} \\ = \dfrac{81}{10}$

$例17.求\iint_D(1 - x^2 - y^2)dxdy,其中D是由y = x, \\ y = 0, x^2 + y^2 = 1在第一象限内所围成的区域.$
$解:\\ 使用极坐标系, D:\\ 0 \leq \theta \leq \dfrac{\pi}{4}, 0 \leq r \leq 1;\\ \iint_D(1 - x^2 - y^2)dxdy \\ = \iint_D [1 -(r\cos{\theta})^2 - (r\sin{\theta})^2] rdrd\theta \\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4} } d\theta\int_0^1 (r -r^3)dr \\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4} } [\dfrac{1}{2}r^2 - \dfrac{1}{4}r^4]_0^1 d\theta\\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4} } \dfrac{1}{4} d\theta\\ = [\dfrac{1}{4} \theta]_0^{\frac{\pi}{4} } = \dfrac{\pi}{16}$

$例18.计算二重积分\iint_D\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}dxdy,\\ 其中D是圆x^2 + y^2 = 2y围成的区域.$
$解:\\ 极坐标区域D:\\ 0 \leq \theta \leq \pi, 0 \leq r \leq 2\sin{\theta}; \\ \iint_D\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}dxdy \\ = \int_0^{\pi} d\theta \int_0^{2\sin{\theta}} \sqrt{(r\cos{\theta})^2 + r\sin{\theta})^2} rdr \\ = \int_0^{\pi} d\theta \int_0^{2\sin{\theta}} r^2dr \\ = \int_0^{\pi} [\dfrac{1}{3}r^3]_0^{2\sin{\theta}} d\theta \\ = \int_0^{\pi} \dfrac{8\sin^3{\theta}}{3}d\theta \\ = \dfrac{8}{3}\int_0^{\pi} (\cos^2{\theta} - 1)d\cos{\theta} \\ = \dfrac{8}{3}[\dfrac{1}{3}\cos^3{\theta} - \cos{\theta}]_0^{\pi}\\ = \dfrac{32}{9}$

$例19.计算二重积分\iint_D xdxdy,其中D是由直线y = x 和 圆\\ x^2 + (y - 1)^2 = 1所围成,且在直线y = x下方的平面区域.$
$解:\\ 极坐标区域D: 0 \leq \theta \leq \dfrac{\pi}{4}, 0 \leq r \leq 2\sin{\theta}; \\ \iint_D xdxdy \\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} d\theta \int_0^{2\sin{\theta}} r\cos{\theta} r dr \\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} [\dfrac{1}{3}\cos{\theta} r^3] _0^{2\sin{\theta}} d\theta \\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \dfrac{8}{3}\cos{\theta} \sin^3{\theta} d\theta \\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \dfrac{8}{3} \sin^3{\theta} d\sin{\theta} \\ = [\dfrac{2}{3} \sin^4{\theta}]_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{6}$

$例20.已知D:x^2 + y^2 \leq a^2(a > 0),求a的值，\\ 使\iint_D e^{-(x^2 + y^2)} dxdy = \dfrac{\pi}{2}$
$解:\\ 极坐标区域D: 0 \leq \theta \leq 2 \pi, 0 \leq r \leq a; \\ \iint_D e^{-(x^2 + y^2)} dxdy \\ = \int_0^{2 \pi} d\theta \int_0^a e^{-[(r\cos{\theta})^2 + (r\sin{\theta})^2]} rdr \\ = \int_0^{2 \pi} d\theta \int_0^a e^{-r^2} rdr \\ = \int_0^{2 \pi} [-\dfrac{1}{2} e^{-r^2}]_0^ad\theta \\ = \int_0^{2 \pi} [\dfrac{1}{2} -\dfrac{1}{2} e^{-a^2}]d\theta \\ = [(\dfrac{1}{2} -\dfrac{1}{2} e^{-a^2})\theta]_0^{2 \pi} \\ = (\dfrac{1}{2} -\dfrac{1}{2} e^{-a^2})(2 \pi - 0) \\ = (1- e^{-a^2})\pi \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{2} \\ \Longrightarrow e^{-a^2} = \dfrac{1}{2} \\ -a^2 = -\ln{2} \\ a = \sqrt{ \ln {2}}$

$例21.求\iint_{\pi^2 \leq x^2 + y^2 \leq 4\pi^2} \sin{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} dx dy$
$解:\\极坐标区域D: \\ 0 \leq \theta \leq 2 \pi, \pi \leq r \leq 2\pi; \\ \iint_{\pi^2 \leq x^2 + y^2 \leq 4\pi^2} \sin{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} dx dy \\ = \int_0^{2\pi} d\theta \int_{\pi}^{2\pi} \sin{\sqrt{(r\cos{\theta})^2 + (r\sin{\theta})^2)}} r dr \\ = \int_0^{2\pi} d\theta \int_{\pi}^{2\pi} \sin{r} \cdot r dr \\ = \int_0^{2\pi} d\theta \int_{\pi}^{2\pi} r d(-\cos{r}) \\ = \int_0^{2\pi} \lbrace [-r\cos{r}] _ {\pi}^{2\pi} + \int_{\pi}^{2\pi} (\cos{r}) dr \rbrace d\theta \\ = \int_0^{2\pi} [\sin{r} -r\cos{r}] _ {\pi}^{2\pi} d\theta \\ = [-3\pi \theta]_0^{2\pi} \\ = -6\pi^2$

$例22.设f(x)在[0, 1]上连续,证明\int_0^1dy \int_0^{\sqrt{y}} e^y f(x)dx = \int_0^1(e - e^{x^2})f(x)dx$
$证:\\ 把Y-型积分区域变换为X-型积分区域:\\ 0 \leq x \leq 1, x^2 \leq y \leq 1 \\ \int_0^1dy \int_0^{\sqrt{y}} e^y f(x)dx \\ = \int_0^1 dx \int_{x^2}^{1} e^y f(x) dy \\ = \int_0^1 f(x)dx \int_{x^2}^{1} de^y \\ = \int_0^1 f(x) [e^y] _ {x^2}^{1} dx \\ = \int_0^1 (e - e^{x^2})f(x) dx$