pandas基础：Series、DataFrame的生成属性和方法
一、Series生成、属性、方法
pandas是用来处理表格型或异质型数据的。numpy是用于处理同质型数值类数据的。pandas的两个数据结构：Series,Pandas。
- Series是一种一维的数组型对象，它包含了一个值序列(values)和数据标签(index)。
- DataFrame表示的是矩阵数据表。每一列可以是不同的数据类型。既有行索引(index)，也有列索引(columns)。
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
（一）Series生成
# 1.列表生成Series
obj = pd.Series([4,7,-5,3])
obj2 = pd.Series([4,7,-5,3], index=['a','b','c','d'])
# 2.字典生成Series
obj_dict = {'Leo':None,'Tiger':78,'Coco':91,'Ada':86}
obj3 = pd.Series(obj_dict)
obj3
# 3.结果如下：
# Leo NaN
# Tiger 78.0
# Coco 91.0
# Ada 86.0
# dtype: float64
（二）Series属性
# Series的属性:index,value,name
obj_dict = {'Leo':None,'Tiger':78,'Coco':91,'Ada':86}
obj3 = pd.Series(obj_dict)
print(obj3.index)
# Index(['Leo', 'Tiger', 'Coco', 'Ada'], dtype='object')
print(obj3.values)
# [nan 78. 91. 86.]
obj3.name = 'score'
obj3.index.name = 'name'
print(obj3)
# name
# Leo NaN
# Tiger 78.0
# Coco 91.0
# Ada 86.0
# Name: score, dtype: float64
（三）Series方法
# 1.isnull，notnull缺失值判断
obj_dict = {'Leo':None,'Tiger':78,'Coco':91,'Ada':np.nan}
obj = pd.Series(obj_dict)
print(obj.isnull(),'\n')
# print(obj.notnull(),'\n')
# Leo True
# Tiger False
# Coco False
# Ada True
# dtype: bool
# 2.fillna缺失值的填充
obj.fillna(obj.mean())
# 结果如下：
# Leo 84.5
# Tiger 78.0
# Coco 91.0
# Ada 84.5
# dtype: float64
# 3.缺失值的删除
obj.dropna(how='any')
# Tiger 78.0
# Coco 91.0
# dtype: float64
# 4.删除重复值
# Series的drop_duplicates()可以删除重复值，结果仍为Series;pd.unique结果为array
obj = pd.Series([1,1,2,3,5])
obj.duplicated()
obj.drop_duplicates()
pd.unique(obj)
## 5.map方法
obj = pd.Series(['bacon', 'pulled pork','bacon','pastrami','corned beef', 'Bacon', 'pastrami', 'honey ham', 'nova lox'])
meat_to_animal = {
'bacon': 'pig',
'pulled pork': 'pig',
'pastrami': 'cow',
'corned beef': 'cow',
'honey ham': 'pig',
'nova lox': 'salmon'
}
lowercased = obj.str.lower()
lowercased.map(meat_to_animal)
#
# 0 pig
# 1 pig
# 2 pig
# 3 cow
# 4 cow
# 5 pig
# 6 cow
# 7 pig
# 8 salmon
# dtype: object
## 6.replace方法
obj = pd.Series(['bacon', 'pulled pork','bacon','pastrami','corned beef', 'Bacon', 'pastrami', 'honey ham', 'nova lox'])
lowercased = obj.str.lower()
lowercased.replace({
'bacon': 'pig',
'pulled pork': 'pig',
'pastrami': 'cow',
'corned beef': 'cow',
'honey ham': 'pig',
'nova lox': 'salmon'
})
#
# 0 pig
# 1 pig
# 2 pig
# 3 cow
# 4 cow
# 5 pig
# 6 cow
# 7 pig
# 8 salmon
# dtype: object
## 7.修改索引：rename
obj_dict = {'Leo':None,'Tiger':78,'Coco':91,'Ada':86}
obj = pd.Series(obj_dict)
obj.rename(index={'Tiger':'tiger'})
## 8.排序:sort_index,sort_values,rank
obj = pd.Series(range(4),index=['d','a','b','c'])
obj.sort_index()
obj.sort_values()
## rank通过平均排名打破平级关系
obj1 = pd.Series([2,-1,3,4,4,5,21,14])
obj1.rank()
# 0 2.0
# 1 1.0
# 2 3.0
# 3 4.5
# 4 4.5
# 5 6.0
# 6 8.0
# 7 7.0
# dtype: float64
二、DataFrame生成、属性、方法
（一）DataFrame生成
# 1.数组生成DataFrame
arr = np.arange(10).reshape(5,2)
df1 = pd.DataFrame(arr, columns = ['col_1', 'col_2'])
# 2.字典生成DataFrame
data = {'state': ['Ohio', 'Ohio','Ohio','Nevada','Nevada','Nevada'],
'year': [2000, 2001, 2001, 2001, 2002, 2003],
'pop' : [1.5, 1.7, 3.6, 2.4, 2.9, 3.2]}
df2 = pd.DataFrame(data)
display(df1, df2)
（二）DataFrame属性
# DataFrame的属性：index, columns, values
data = {'state': ['Ohio', 'Ohio','Ohio','Nevada','Nevada','Nevada'],
'year': [2000, 2001, 2001, 2001, 2002, 2003],
'pop' : [1.5, 1.7, 3.6, 2.4, 2.9, 3.2]}
df2 = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(df2.index)
# RangeIndex(start=0, stop=6, step=1)
print(df2.columns)
# Index(['state', 'year', 'pop'], dtype='object')
print(df2.values)
# [['Ohio' 2000 1.5]
# ['Ohio' 2001 1.7]
# ['Ohio' 2001 3.6]
# ['Nevada' 2001 2.4]
# ['Nevada' 2002 2.9]
# ['Nevada' 2003 3.2]]
df2.columns.name = '人口统计'
df2.index.name = '序号'
print(df2)
# 人口统计 state year pop
# 序号
# 0 Ohio 2000 1.5
# 1 Ohio 2001 1.7
# 2 Ohio 2001 3.6
# 3 Nevada 2001 2.4
# 4 Nevada 2002 2.9
# 5 Nevada 2003 3.2
（三）DataFrame方法
## 1.抽样查看数据：head,tail,sample,take
data = {'state': ['Ohio', 'Ohio','Ohio','Nevada','Nevada','Nevada'],
'year': [2000, 2001, 2001, 2001, 2002, 2003],
'pop' : [1.5, 1.7, 3.6, 2.4, 2.9, 3.2]}
df2 = pd.DataFrame(data)
df2.head()
df2.tail()
df2.loc[:,'pop']
df2.iloc[:,1]
df2.sample(n=3)
sample_idx = np.random.permutation(3)
df2.take(sample_idx)
## 2.drop删除记录/字段
data = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(16).reshape((4,4)),index=['Ohio', 'Colorado', 'Utah', 'New York'], columns=['one','two','three','four'])
data.drop(['New York'],inplace=False) # inplace=False,不在原对象上进行操作,返回新对象
data.drop(['Ohio'],inplace=True) # inplace=True,在原对象上进行操作,不返回新对象
data.drop(['one'],axis=1,inplace=True) # 删除列
## 3.函数应用和映射：applymap，apply
data = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(3,4), columns=list('abcd'))
np.abs(data)
### 1）将函数应用在每个元素上：精度保留到0.01
format = lambda x: '%.2f' %x
display(data.applymap(format))
display(data.a.map(format))
### 2）将函数应用在一行或一列的数组上：结果为标量或数组
f = lambda x:x.max() - x.mean()
data.apply(f,axis=0)
def f1(x):
return pd.Series([x.min(),x.max()],index=['min','max'])
data.apply(f1)
三、pandas函数
（一）分箱操作
## 1.pandas中的分箱操作:cut
ages = [20, 22, 25, 27, 21, 23, 37, 31, 61, 45, 41, 32]
bins = [18, 25, 35, 60, 100]
group_names = ['Youth', 'YongAdult','MiddleAged','Senior']
cats = pd.cut(ages, bins,labels=group_names)
cats
# 返回一个特殊的categorical对象
# [Youth, Youth, Youth, YongAdult, Youth, ..., YongAdult, Senior, MiddleAged, MiddleAged, YongAdult]
# Length: 12
# Categories (4, object): [Youth < YongAdult < MiddleAged < Senior]
cats.codes
cats.categories
pd.value_counts(cats)
# Youth 5
# MiddleAged 3
# YongAdult 3
# Senior 1
# dtype: int64
# 2.qcut根据样本分位数进行分箱
data = np.random.randn(1000)
cats = pd.qcut(data, 4)
cats.value_counts()
cats_1 = pd.qcut(data, [0,0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0])
cats_1.value_counts()
# (-3.697, -1.326] 100
# (-1.326, -0.00874] 400
# (-0.00874, 1.273] 400
# (1.273, 3.275] 100
# dtype: int64
（二）虚拟变量
df = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['b', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'a', 'b'], 'data1':range(6)})
dummies = pd.get_dummies(df.key, prefix='key')
df_with_dummy = df[['data1']].join(dummies)
df_with_dummy
#data1 key_a key_b key_c
#0 0 0 1 0
#1 1 0 1 0
#2 2 1 0 0
#3 3 0 0 1
#4 4 1 0 0
#5 5 0 1 0
（三）生成日期序列
# 1.date_range生成固定频率的日期序列
pd.date_range('2022-01-01','2022-01-15') # 默认日频
pd.date_range('2022-01-01',periods=5) # 默认日频
pd.date_range(end='2022-01-05',periods=5) # 默认日频
pd.date_range('2022-01-01','2022-04-01',freq='W-SUN') # 周频，周日
pd.date_range('2022-01-01','2022-04-01',freq='W-MON') # 周频，周一
pd.date_range('2022-01-01','2022-04-01',freq='M') # 月频，月初
pd.date_range('2022-01-01','2022-04-01',freq='MS') # 月频，月初
pd.date_range('2022-01-02','2022-10-01',freq='Q') # 季频，季末
pd.date_range('2022-01-02','2022-10-01',freq='QS') # 季频，季初
pd.date_range('2022-01','2025-10',freq='A') # 年频，年末
pd.date_range('2022-01','2025-10',freq='AS-JAN') # 年频，年初
# 2.infer_freq判断时间序列的频率
index_freq = ['2022-01-02', '2022-01-09', '2022-01-16', '2022-01-23',
'2022-01-30', '2022-02-06', '2022-02-13', '2022-02-20',
'2022-02-27', '2022-03-06', '2022-03-13', '2022-03-20',
'2022-03-27']
pd.infer_freq(index_freq)
# 3.interval_range生成固定频率的日期interval序列
pd.interval_range(start=0, end=6, periods=4)
pd.interval_range(start=0, end=6, freq=2)
pd.interval_range(start=0, freq=2, periods=4)
pd.interval_range(start=pd.Timestamp('2017-01-01'),periods=3, freq='MS')
参考文档
[1]利用Python进行数据分析
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