目录
一、词法:各类词性的用法与规则
1. 名词(Noun)
分类:
- 专有名词:首字母大写,如 China, New York
- 普通名词:
- 可数名词:有单复数形式,如 book→books, child→children
- 不可数名词:无复数,如 water, information
复数规则:
- 一般加 -s:dog→dogs
- 以 s/x/sh/ch 结尾加 -es:bus→buses, box→boxes
- 以辅音 + y 结尾:变 y 为 i 加 -es:city→cities
- 不规则变化:man→men, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice
所有格:
- 单数名词 + ’s:John’s car
- 复数名词以 s 结尾 + ’:students’ books
- 无生命物体用 of 结构:the leg of the table
2. 动词(Verb)
分类:
- 实义动词:表示具体动作,如 run, eat
- 系动词:连接主语和表语,如 be (am/is/are), look, become
- 助动词:协助构成时态 / 语态,如 do, have, will
- 情态动词:表示态度或能力,如 can, must, should
时态汇总:
时态 | 结构(以 work 为例) | 例句 |
---|---|---|
一般现在时 | work/works | She works in a bank. |
一般过去时 | worked | They worked yesterday. |
一般将来时 | will work / be going to work | We will go to Paris next week. |
现在进行时 | am/is/are working | He is reading a book now. |
过去进行时 | was/were working | I was cooking when she called. |
现在完成时 | have/has worked | She has finished her homework. |
过去完成时 | had worked | They had left before I arrived. |
语态:
- 主动语态:主语是动作执行者,如 The cat ate the fish.
- 被动语态:主语是动作承受者,结构为 be + 过去分词,如 The fish was eaten by the cat.
3. 形容词(Adjective)与副词(Adverb)
形容词用法:
- 修饰名词,位于名词前或系动词后,如 a beautiful girl, She is happy.
- 比较级与最高级:
- 规则变化:small→smaller→smallest
- 多音节词:important→more important→most important
- 不规则变化:good→better→best, bad→worse→worst
副词用法:
- 修饰动词、形容词、其他副词,如 He runs quickly., She is very tall.
- 常见副词类型:频率副词(always, often)、程度副词(very, almost)
4. 代词(Pronoun)
分类:
- 人称代词:主格(I, he)、宾格(me, him)
- 物主代词:形容词性(my, his)、名词性(mine, his)
- 反身代词:myself, yourself, themselves
- 不定代词:some, any, everyone, nothing
例句:
- She gave me her book.(人称代词 + 物主代词)
- They enjoyed themselves at the party.(反身代词)
二、句法:句子结构与类型
1. 句子成分
- 主语(S):动作执行者或描述对象,如 Tom is a student.
- 谓语(V):表示动作或状态,如 She likes music.
- 宾语(O):动作承受者,如 He bought a pen.
- 表语(P):位于系动词后,说明主语性质,如 She is a teacher.
- 定语(At):修饰名词,如 The red car is mine.
- 状语(Ad):修饰动词 / 句子,如 He runs fast.
2. 简单句基本句型
- 主谓(S+V):Birds fly.
- 主谓宾(S+V+O):I love English.
- 主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO):She gave me a gift.(IO = 间接宾语,DO = 直接宾语)
- 主谓宾补(S+V+O+C):They elected him president.(C = 宾语补足语)
- 主系表(S+Link V+P):The cake looks delicious.
3. 复合句(Complex Sentence)
宾语从句:
- 结构:主句 + that/wh - 引导词 + 从句(从句用陈述句语序)
- 例句:I think (that) he is right., Do you know where she lives?
定语从句:
- 关系代词:who(指人), which(指物), that(指人 / 物)
- 例句:The man who is standing there is my teacher., This is the book that I bought.
状语从句:
- 时间:When I arrived, he was sleeping.(when引导时间状语从句)
- 条件:If it rains, we will stay at home.(if引导条件状语从句)
- 让步:Although he is old, he works hard.(although引导让步状语从句)
三、特殊语法点
1. 非谓语动词
不定式(to do):
- 作主语:To learn English is important.(常用 it 作形式主语:It is important to learn English.)
- 作宾语:I want to buy a car.
动名词(doing):
- 作主语:Swimming is good exercise.
- 作宾语:She enjoys reading.
分词(doing/done):
- 现在分词(主动 / 进行):The running boy is my brother.
- 过去分词(被动 / 完成):The broken window needs repair.
2. 虚拟语气
条件句虚拟:
假设情况 | 从句结构 | 主句结构 | 例句 |
---|---|---|---|
与现在事实相反 | 过去式(be 用 were) | would/could + 动词原形 | If I were you, I would study hard. |
与过去事实相反 | had + 过去分词 | would/could have + 过去分词 | If I had studied, I would have passed. |
与将来事实相反 | 过去式 /should do | would/could + 动词原形 | If it rained tomorrow, we would stay. |
其他虚拟场景:
- It’s time that we went to bed.(It’s time that… 结构中用过去式)
- I suggest that he (should) study hard.(suggest/order 等词后的宾语从句用 should + 动词原形,should 可省略)
3. 倒装句
完全倒装:谓语动词提前至主语前,如 Here comes the bus!, In the room sat a old man.
部分倒装:助动词 / 情态动词提前,如:
- Never have I seen such a beautiful view.(否定词开头)
- Only when you work hard can you succeed.(only + 状语开头)
四、易混淆知识点对比
1. 时态对比
- 一般过去时 vs 现在完成时:
- 过去时:单纯过去动作(与现在无关),如 I saw the movie yesterday.
- 完成时:过去动作对现在的影响,如 I have seen the movie, so I know the ending.
2. 介词辨析
- in vs on vs at:
- 时间:in the morning, on Monday, at 8:00
- 地点:in Beijing, on the desk, at the station
3. 从句引导词
- that vs which:
- 定语从句中,先行词为不定代词(all, everything)或被序数词 / 最高级修饰时,只能用 that,如 This is the best book that I have read.
五、经典例题与解析
1. 名词单复数
例题:There are three ______ in the classroom.
A. child B. children C. childs
解析:three 后接可数名词复数,child 复数为 children,选 B。
2. 时态应用
例题:She ______ English for five years.
A. has learned B. learned C. will learn
解析:for five years 是现在完成时标志,选 A。
3. 宾语从句语序
例题:Can you tell me ______?
A. where is the station B. where the station is
解析:宾语从句用陈述句语序,选 B。
六、语法学习资源推荐
- 书籍:
- 《English Grammar in Use》(剑桥英语语法在用)
- 《薄冰英语语法》
- 网站:
- Grammarly(语法检查与学习)
- English Grammar Online
- APP:
- 每日英语语法(碎片时间学习)
总结
英语语法是英语学习的骨架,掌握词法与句法规则是提升听说读写能力的基础。通过系统梳理知识点、对比易混淆点、结合例句与练习,逐步建立语法思维。记住:语法不是死记硬背,而是理解语言的逻辑规律。坚持练习,多阅读多写作,语法能力会自然提升!
学习口诀:
名词注意数与格,动词时态要记牢;
从句引导词别错,非谓语形式需分清;
虚拟倒装莫怕难,多练多思出真知。