英语语法超级大全:从基础到进阶,涵盖所有核心知识点

目录

英语语法超级大全:从基础到进阶,涵盖所有核心知识点

一、词法:各类词性的用法与规则

1. 名词(Noun)

2. 动词(Verb)

3. 形容词(Adjective)与副词(Adverb)

4. 代词(Pronoun)

二、句法:句子结构与类型

1. 句子成分

2. 简单句基本句型

3. 复合句(Complex Sentence)

三、特殊语法点

1. 非谓语动词

2. 虚拟语气

3. 倒装句

四、易混淆知识点对比

1. 时态对比

2. 介词辨析

3. 从句引导词

五、经典例题与解析

1. 名词单复数

2. 时态应用

3. 宾语从句语序

六、语法学习资源推荐

总结


一、词法:各类词性的用法与规则

1. 名词(Noun)

分类

  • 专有名词:首字母大写,如 ChinaNew York
  • 普通名词
    • 可数名词:有单复数形式,如 bookbookschildchildren
    • 不可数名词:无复数,如 waterinformation
      复数规则
  • 一般加 -s:dogdogs
  • 以 s/x/sh/ch 结尾加 -es:busbusesboxboxes
  • 以辅音 + y 结尾:变 y 为 i 加 -es:citycities
  • 不规则变化:manmentoothteethmousemice

所有格

  • 单数名词 + ’s:John’s car
  • 复数名词以 s 结尾 + ’:students’ books
  • 无生命物体用 of 结构:the leg of the table

2. 动词(Verb)

分类

  • 实义动词:表示具体动作,如 runeat
  • 系动词:连接主语和表语,如 be (am/is/are)lookbecome
  • 助动词:协助构成时态 / 语态,如 dohavewill
  • 情态动词:表示态度或能力,如 canmustshould

时态汇总

时态结构(以 work 为例)例句
一般现在时work/worksShe works in a bank.
一般过去时workedThey worked yesterday.
一般将来时will work / be going to workWe will go to Paris next week.
现在进行时am/is/are workingHe is reading a book now.
过去进行时was/were workingI was cooking when she called.
现在完成时have/has workedShe has finished her homework.
过去完成时had workedThey had left before I arrived.

语态

  • 主动语态:主语是动作执行者,如 The cat ate the fish.
  • 被动语态:主语是动作承受者,结构为 be + 过去分词,如 The fish was eaten by the cat.

3. 形容词(Adjective)与副词(Adverb)

形容词用法

  • 修饰名词,位于名词前或系动词后,如 a beautiful girlShe is happy.
  • 比较级与最高级:
    • 规则变化:smallsmallersmallest
    • 多音节词:importantmore importantmost important
    • 不规则变化:goodbetterbestbadworseworst

副词用法

  • 修饰动词、形容词、其他副词,如 He runs quickly.She is very tall.
  • 常见副词类型:频率副词(alwaysoften)、程度副词(veryalmost

4. 代词(Pronoun)

分类

  • 人称代词:主格(I, he)、宾格(me, him
  • 物主代词:形容词性(my, his)、名词性(mine, his
  • 反身代词myself, yourself, themselves
  • 不定代词some, any, everyone, nothing

例句

  • She gave me her book.(人称代词 + 物主代词)
  • They enjoyed themselves at the party.(反身代词)

二、句法:句子结构与类型

1. 句子成分

  • 主语(S):动作执行者或描述对象,如 Tom is a student.
  • 谓语(V):表示动作或状态,如 She likes music.
  • 宾语(O):动作承受者,如 He bought a pen.
  • 表语(P):位于系动词后,说明主语性质,如 She is a teacher.
  • 定语(At):修饰名词,如 The red car is mine.
  • 状语(Ad):修饰动词 / 句子,如 He runs fast.

2. 简单句基本句型

  1. 主谓(S+V)Birds fly.
  2. 主谓宾(S+V+O)I love English.
  3. 主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO)She gave me a gift.(IO = 间接宾语,DO = 直接宾语)
  4. 主谓宾补(S+V+O+C)They elected him president.(C = 宾语补足语)
  5. 主系表(S+Link V+P)The cake looks delicious.

3. 复合句(Complex Sentence)

宾语从句

  • 结构:主句 + that/wh - 引导词 + 从句(从句用陈述句语序)
  • 例句:I think (that) he is right.Do you know where she lives?

定语从句

  • 关系代词:who(指人), which(指物), that(指人 / 物)
  • 例句:The man who is standing there is my teacher.This is the book that I bought.

状语从句

  • 时间When I arrived, he was sleeping.when引导时间状语从句)
  • 条件If it rains, we will stay at home.if引导条件状语从句)
  • 让步Although he is old, he works hard.although引导让步状语从句)

三、特殊语法点

1. 非谓语动词

不定式(to do)

  • 作主语:To learn English is important.(常用 it 作形式主语:It is important to learn English.
  • 作宾语:I want to buy a car.

动名词(doing)

  • 作主语:Swimming is good exercise.
  • 作宾语:She enjoys reading.

分词(doing/done)

  • 现在分词(主动 / 进行):The running boy is my brother.
  • 过去分词(被动 / 完成):The broken window needs repair.

2. 虚拟语气

条件句虚拟

假设情况从句结构主句结构例句
与现在事实相反过去式(be 用 were)would/could + 动词原形If I were you, I would study hard.
与过去事实相反had + 过去分词would/could have + 过去分词If I had studied, I would have passed.
与将来事实相反过去式 /should dowould/could + 动词原形If it rained tomorrow, we would stay.

其他虚拟场景

  • It’s time that we went to bed.It’s time that… 结构中用过去式)
  • I suggest that he (should) study hard.(suggest/order 等词后的宾语从句用 should + 动词原形,should 可省略)

3. 倒装句

完全倒装:谓语动词提前至主语前,如 Here comes the bus!In the room sat a old man.

部分倒装:助动词 / 情态动词提前,如:

  • Never have I seen such a beautiful view.(否定词开头)
  • Only when you work hard can you succeed.only + 状语开头)

四、易混淆知识点对比

1. 时态对比

  • 一般过去时 vs 现在完成时
    • 过去时:单纯过去动作(与现在无关),如 I saw the movie yesterday.
    • 完成时:过去动作对现在的影响,如 I have seen the movie, so I know the ending.

2. 介词辨析

  • in vs on vs at
    • 时间:in the morningon Mondayat 8:00
    • 地点:in Beijingon the deskat the station

3. 从句引导词

  • that vs which
    • 定语从句中,先行词为不定代词(all, everything)或被序数词 / 最高级修饰时,只能用 that,如 This is the best book that I have read.

五、经典例题与解析

1. 名词单复数

例题:There are three ______ in the classroom.
A. child B. children C. childs
解析:three 后接可数名词复数,child 复数为 children,选 B。

2. 时态应用

例题:She ______ English for five years.
A. has learned B. learned C. will learn
解析:for five years 是现在完成时标志,选 A。

3. 宾语从句语序

例题:Can you tell me ______?
A. where is the station B. where the station is
解析:宾语从句用陈述句语序,选 B。

六、语法学习资源推荐

  1. 书籍
    • 《English Grammar in Use》(剑桥英语语法在用)
    • 《薄冰英语语法》
  2. 网站
  3. APP
    • 每日英语语法(碎片时间学习)

总结

英语语法是英语学习的骨架,掌握词法与句法规则是提升听说读写能力的基础。通过系统梳理知识点、对比易混淆点、结合例句与练习,逐步建立语法思维。记住:语法不是死记硬背,而是理解语言的逻辑规律。坚持练习,多阅读多写作,语法能力会自然提升!

学习口诀
名词注意数与格,动词时态要记牢;
从句引导词别错,非谓语形式需分清;
虚拟倒装莫怕难,多练多思出真知。

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