定语从句--专升本语法

定语: 翻译成“...的”
从句: 连词+ 句子
He is a handsome boy.
He is the boy who is handsome. His a handsome boy.
eg:
I want to have a boyfriend.
A boyfriend is like Wulei.
I want to have a boyfriend ___is like Wulei.
*概念:
1.定义: 一个句子相当于形容词，修饰它前面的名词或代词。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。位于定从之前
3.关系词(*考点) :引导定语从句的词。位于先行词之后。
4.基本结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句
定语三要素：“先、关、定’”
关系词作用：（1）连接主从句 （2）代替先行词 （3）作从句成分

This is the book that you are looking for it
改为：把it去掉，因为that在句子中充当宾语成分，所以不需要宾语

一.关系词

★考点

 从句不缺成分的两大条件：
（1）五大基本句型
（2）被动不缺宾语

2.关系词选择思路（一划二看）

若空后只有一个谓语动词，则从空划到句尾。
(1) 划从句:从空开始
 He isa boy____ likes English.
若空后有两个谓语动词，则从空划到第二个谓语动词之前
The girl____ is standing there is Mary.
(2)判断成分
从句缺成分 --- 关系代词
从句不缺成分 --- 关系副词
指人/物(关 系代词)
(3)看先行词
表示时间地点/原因(共系副词) 

注意：当主语缺少宾语成分时，可以省略

二.定从分类.

限制性定语从句 (修饰限定 先行词)
非限制性定语从句:有逗号(先行词与关系词被逗号分开) (补
充附带说明)
1. Zhong Nanshan，_D__is respected by all of us，is a famous medical specialist (专家).
A. that 
B. which
C. when
D. who
2. Zhong Nanshan went to Wuhan,_B_has given people much confidence.
A. that
B. which
C. when
D. who
两个从句中关系词用法的区别: .
1.限制性定语从句中:关系代词作宾语时可以省略;非限制性定语从句不能省。
2.非限制性定语从句中:不能用that,其他关系词都能用。此外，which在非限制性定
语从句中还可以用来指代前面整句话。

区别：

限制性定语从句（限定范围）
e.g. In our school there are eight foreign teachers who come from Australia .
我们学校有8位来自澳大利亚的外籍教师。
(本句表达的意思是，我们学校有8位来自澳大利亚的外籍教师，还有不是来自澳大利亚的外籍教师。)
非限制性定语从句(补充说明).
e.g. In our school there are elght foreign teachers, who come from Australia .
我们学校共有8位外籍教师，他们全来自澳大利亚。
(本句表达的意思是，我们学校共有8位外籍教师，他们全来自澳大利亚。)
 

三.特殊关系词用法

1.只用that的情况(从句必缺成分)口诀：代高序双疑特

(1).当先行词是不定代词ll, much, some, little，few，none，a little，everything, anything, nothing等 或被它们修饰时;
Eg: That is all that I want to say.
Here is all the money that I can lend you.
(201 8)I was very interested in all___
she told me.
A.which
B .whom
C.who
D.that
(2).先行词被最高级，序数词 ，
特殊：the only (唯一) ，the very (正是)，the just (刚刚)，the last (最后)修饰时;
eg: This is the best novel that I have ever read.
He is the first person that came to the classroom.
The only book that I want to read is missing
(3).当先行词既有人又有物时;
eg: We talked about the things and people that we remembered at college.
(4).当主句是以which/who开头的疑问句时
Eg: Who is the girl that talked with you yesterday?
Which is the coat that you bought yesterday?

2.只能用which不用that的情况 

(1).介词之后，先行词指物用which,指人用whom
Eg: He will never forget the day
        _C__his child was born.
        _A/B__his child was born on.
        On__B__his child was born.
A.that  B.which  C.when  D.who

注:介词+关系代词的用法;
关系副词 ≥ 介词+关系代词
when ≥ in/on/at/during + which
where ≥ in/on/at + which
why ≥ for+ which

补充：

(1)介词的选择与先行词构成固定搭配

(2)介词的选择与从句谓语动词构成固定搭配

Eg: This is the boy__I talked online.
A.who
B.whom
C.with that
D.with whom
This is the news______ we talked just now. 
A.that
B. about which
C.when
D.for which

talk with sb和某人交谈
talk about sth谈论某事

3. whose的用法:表所属关系，译为“...的...”

I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个通过窗户可以俯看大海的房间。

4. as的用法(as只用于固定搭配.,....样....)

(1)限制性定语从句中，先行词被the same, such, as修饰，从句用as构成固定搭配
即①the same.. .as.....  ②such...as..... ③as... as...
Eg : Your girlfriend has the same needs
a baby has.

(2)非限制性定语从句中，as的固定搭配(此时as可指代整个主句，位于句首或句中)
①as we all know, =as is known to all众所周知,
②as is said/ reported /thought/believed/considered,据说据报道/据认为
③as we expected=as was expected,正如我们预料的那样
④as is often the case,这是常有的事
eg: Tom works hard and is willing to help others,as we all know.

5.当先行词是the way ，且(此时从句不缺成分) ，关系词用that/in which或者省略

Eg: She doesn't like the way_that/in which__her boyfriend apologized to her.

6.当先行词是抽象地点名词时，关系词用where 且(此时从句不缺成分)

常见抽象地点名词: case (案例;事件;情况) scene (场面;情景)
point (程度;点) degree (程度) situation(情景;处境)
condition(条件;情况) position (位置) occasion (场合; 情景)
Eg: We arrived at this situation__where _we can do nothing but stay at home.
He often reaches the point__where _he loses his temper.
lose one' tmper 发脾气
 

四.定从中的特殊用法

1.定语从句中，谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致

one of the + n复+定语从句(从句谓语动词用复数)
the only one of +the +n复+定语从句(从句谓 语动词用单数)
①Kobe is one of the famous basketball players who_are_(be) from NBA.
②Kobe is the only one of the famous basketball players who__is__(be) from NBA.

2.代词/数词+ of + which(先行词为物)/ whom (先行词为人) 

注意：表示先行词的量

of + which / whom+代词/数词
Eg: I have bought many books,___C___were never opened by me.
A. Most of them
B. most of that
C. most of which
D. most of what

There are twenty workers,two thirds of whom are women.

3.定语从句中插入语用法:
1)位置:插入语位于关系词与从句的谓语动词之间
2)特点:插入语去掉后对句子成分没有影响。
3)常见的插入语: I/we   think/suppose/expect/believe, ..认为（表示说话人观点）
eg：
The young man_B__we thought should have won the game failed in the end.
        A who              B whom          C as        D which

定语从句翻译:

（1）翻译主干（主句）

（2）翻译枝干（从句）

从句：带有的且含有动词

（3）填连词
例子

1.这就是刚刚帮助我的人

This is the man .这就是那个人.

The man helped me.这个男人帮助我

合起来：This is the man who/that helped me just now.

2.这就是我们去年参观的工厂.

This is the factory which/that we visited last year.

3.