1. 定义
对于向量
A
,
B
,
C
A,B,C
A,B,C的三重乘积,我们一般指
A
×
(
B
×
C
)
A\times (B\times C)
A×(B×C)。显然,向量
A
×
(
B
×
C
)
A\times (B\times C)
A×(B×C)垂直于向量
A
A
A,并且位于向量
B
B
B和
C
C
C张成的平面,如下图所示。
2. 结论
假设向量
A
,
B
A,B
A,B和
C
C
C是非共线的(否则
A
×
(
B
×
C
)
A\times (B\times C)
A×(B×C)等于零向量),那么
A
×
(
B
×
C
)
A\times (B\times C)
A×(B×C)有唯一的分解形式
A
×
(
B
×
C
)
=
m
B
+
n
C
.
\begin{equation} A\times (B\times C) = mB+nC. \end{equation}
A×(B×C)=mB+nC.
为了确定
m
m
m和
n
n
n的值,我们在同一个直角坐标系中引入向量
D
=
B
×
C
,
E
=
A
×
D
=
A
×
(
B
×
C
)
,
D = B\times C,\qquad E = A\times D = A\times (B\times C),
D=B×C,E=A×D=A×(B×C),
其分量分别为
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
3
D_1,D_2,D_3
D1,D2,D3和
E
1
,
E
2
,
E
3
E_1,E_2,E_3
E1,E2,E3。根据向量叉乘的定义,
E
1
=
A
2
D
3
−
A
3
D
2
,
E_1 = A_2D_3 - A_3D_2,
E1=A2D3−A3D2,
而
D
2
=
(
B
×
C
)
2
=
B
3
C
1
−
B
1
C
3
,
D
3
=
(
B
×
C
)
3
=
B
1
C
2
−
B
2
C
1
.
\begin{aligned} D_2 &= (B\times C)_2 = B_3C_1 - B_1C_3,\\ D_3 &= (B\times C)_3 = B_1C_2 - B_2C_1. \end{aligned}
D2D3=(B×C)2=B3C1−B1C3,=(B×C)3=B1C2−B2C1.
于是
E
1
=
A
2
(
B
1
C
2
−
B
2
C
1
)
−
A
3
(
B
3
C
1
−
B
1
C
3
)
=
B
1
(
A
2
C
2
+
A
3
C
3
)
−
C
1
(
A
2
B
2
+
A
3
B
3
)
.
\begin{aligned} E_1 &= A_2(B_1C_2 - B_2C_1) - A_3(B_3C_1 - B_1C_3)\\ &= B_1(A_2C_2+A_3C_3) - C_1(A_2B_2+A_3B_3). \end{aligned}
E1=A2(B1C2−B2C1)−A3(B3C1−B1C3)=B1(A2C2+A3C3)−C1(A2B2+A3B3).
在上式右端加上再减去
A
1
B
1
C
1
A_1B_1C_1
A1B1C1,得到
E
1
=
B
1
(
A
1
C
1
+
A
2
C
2
+
A
3
C
3
)
−
C
1
(
A
1
B
1
+
A
2
B
2
+
A
3
B
3
)
=
B
1
(
A
⋅
C
)
−
C
1
(
A
⋅
B
)
.
\begin{aligned} E_1 &= B_1(A_1C_1 + A_2C_2+A_3C_3) - C_1(A_1B_1+A_2B_2+A_3B_3)\\ &= B_1(A\cdot C) - C_1(A\cdot B). \end{aligned}
E1=B1(A1C1+A2C2+A3C3)−C1(A1B1+A2B2+A3B3)=B1(A⋅C)−C1(A⋅B).
同理,可以得到
E
2
=
B
2
(
A
⋅
C
)
−
C
2
(
A
⋅
B
)
,
E
3
=
B
2
(
A
⋅
C
)
−
C
2
(
A
⋅
B
)
.
\begin{aligned} E_2 &= B_2(A\cdot C) - C_2(A\cdot B),\\ E_3 &= B_2(A\cdot C) - C_2(A\cdot B). \end{aligned}
E2E3=B2(A⋅C)−C2(A⋅B),=B2(A⋅C)−C2(A⋅B).
因此,系数
m
m
m和
n
n
n分别为
m
=
A
⋅
C
,
n
=
−
A
⋅
B
.
\begin{equation} m = A\cdot C,\quad n = -A\cdot B. \end{equation}
m=A⋅C,n=−A⋅B.
因此,式(1)就变成
A
×
(
B
×
C
)
=
B
(
A
⋅
C
)
−
C
(
A
⋅
B
)
.
A\times (B\times C) = B(A\cdot C) - C(A\cdot B).
A×(B×C)=B(A⋅C)−C(A⋅B).
由式(2)也可以得到
(
A
×
B
)
×
C
=
B
(
A
⋅
C
)
−
A
(
B
⋅
C
)
.
(A\times B)\times C = B(A\cdot C) - A(B\cdot C).
(A×B)×C=B(A⋅C)−A(B⋅C).
参考文献
Vector and Tensor Analysis with Applications, A.I. Borisenko