本文详细解释了双三次贝塞尔曲面的数学定义，包括由16个控制点构成的矩阵表示形式，以及如何通过三次Bernstein基函数进行计算。同时介绍了如何使用递归方法和编程实现来绘制和细分这种曲面的过程。
双三次贝塞尔曲线的定义
双三次贝塞尔曲面是由16个控制点定义的曲面，通常表示为4x4矩阵。
曲面的公式如下：
p ( u , v ) = ∑ i = 0 3 ∑ j = 0 3 P i , j B i , 3 ( u ) B j , 3 ( v ) , ( u , v ) ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] × [ 0 , 1 ] p(u,v)=\sum_{i=0}^3\sum_{j=0}^3P_{i,j}B_{i,3}(u)B_{j,3}(v),\\(u,v)\in[0,1]\times[0,1] p(u,v)=i=0∑3j=0∑3Pi,jBi,3(u)Bj,3(v),(u,v)∈[0,1]×[0,1]
其中，
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P_{i,j},i,j=0,1,2,3
Pi,j,i,j=0,1,2,3是曲面上的16控制点；
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B_{i, 3} ( u )和 B_{j,3}( v )
Bi,3(u)和Bj,3(v)是三次Bernstein基函数，定义如下：
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{
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\begin{cases} B_{0,3}(u)=(1-u)^3\\ B_{1,3}(u)=3u(1-u)^2\\ B_{2,3}(u)=3u^2(1-u)\\ B_{3,3}(u)=u^3 \end{cases}\begin{cases} B_{0,3}(v)=(1-v)^3\\ B_{1,3}(v)=3v(1-v)^2\\ B_{2,3}(v)=3v^2(1-v)\\ B_{3,3}(v)=v^3 \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧B0,3(u)=(1−u)3B1,3(u)=3u(1−u)2B2,3(u)=3u2(1−u)B3,3(u)=u3⎩
⎨
⎧B0,3(v)=(1−v)3B1,3(v)=3v(1−v)2B2,3(v)=3v2(1−v)B3,3(v)=v3
用矩阵表示公式如下
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p(u,v)=\begin{pmatrix}B_{0,3}(u)&B_{1,3}(u)&B_{2,3}(u)&B_{3,3}(u) \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} P_{00}&P_{01}&P_{02}&P_{03}\\ P_{10}&P_{11}&P_{12}&P_{13}\\ P_{20}&P_{21}&P_{22}&P_{23}\\ P_{30}&P_{31}&P_{32}&P_{33}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} B_{0,3}(v)&B_{0,1}(v)&B_{0,2}(v)&B_{0,3}(v) \end{pmatrix}
p(u,v)=(B0,3(u)B1,3(u)B2,3(u)B3,3(u))
P00P10P20P30P01P11P21P31P02P12P22P32P03P13P23P33
(B0,3(v)B0,1(v)B0,2(v)B0,3(v))
将Bernstein基数带入得到如下公式
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p(u,v)=\begin{pmatrix}u^3&u^2&u&1\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} -1&3&-3&1\\3&-6&3&0\\-3&3&0&0\\1&0&0&0 \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} P_{00}&P_{01}&P_{02}&P_{03}\\ P_{10}&P_{11}&P_{12}&P_{13}\\ P_{20}&P_{21}&P_{22}&P_{23}\\ P_{30}&P_{31}&P_{32}&P_{33}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} -1&3&-3&1\\3&-6&3&0\\-3&3&0&0\\1&0&0&0 \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}v^3\\v^2\\v\\1\end{pmatrix}
p(u,v)=(u3u2u1)
−13−313−630−33001000
P00P10P20P30P01P11P21P31P02P12P22P32P03P13P23P33
−13−313−630−33001000
v3v2v1
令
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那么
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令U=\begin{pmatrix}u^3&u^2&u&1\end{pmatrix},V=\begin{pmatrix}v^3&v^2&v&1\end{pmatrix}\\M=\begin{pmatrix} -1&3&-3&1\\3&-6&3&0\\-3&3&0&0\\1&0&0&0 \end{pmatrix},P=\begin{pmatrix} P_{00}&P_{01}&P_{02}&P_{03}\\ P_{10}&P_{11}&P_{12}&P_{13}\\ P_{20}&P_{21}&P_{22}&P_{23}\\ P_{30}&P_{31}&P_{32}&P_{33}\end{pmatrix} \\那么p(u,v)=UMPM^TV^T
令U=(u3u2u1),V=(v3v2v1)M=
−13−313−630−33001000
,P=
P00P10P20P30P01P11P21P31P02P12P22P32P03P13P23P33
那么p(u,v)=UMPMTVT
对得到的这个式子进行编程就可以绘制出一个双三次贝塞尔曲线。
绘制双贝塞尔曲面
双三次贝塞尔曲面可以看着一个弯曲的四面体，采用四叉树递归划分法进行细分，递归细分次数足够时分割出来的子曲面近似为一个平面四边形，这些平面四边形拼成了双三次贝塞尔曲线。
递归绘制细分曲面
递归函数
void CBezier::Recursion(CDC* pDC, int ReNumber, CMesh Mesh)
{
if (0 == ReNumber)
{
Tessellation(Mesh);//细分曲面，根据公式求坐标，将（u，v）点转换为（x，y）点
DrawQuadrilateral(pDC);//绘制小平面四边形
return;
}
else
{
CDimension2 Mid = (Mesh.m_BottomLeft + Mesh.m_TopRight) / 2.0;
CMesh SubMesh[4];//一分为四个
//左下子长方形
SubMesh[0].m_BottomLeft = Mesh.m_BottomLeft;
SubMesh[0].m_BottomRight = CDimension2(Mid.m_u, Mesh.m_BottomLeft.m_v);
SubMesh[0].m_TopRight = CDimension2(Mid.m_u, Mid.m_v);
SubMesh[0].m_TopLeft = CDimension2(Mesh.m_BottomLeft.m_u, Mid.m_v);
//右下子长方形
SubMesh[1].m_BottomLeft = SubMesh[0].m_BottomRight;
SubMesh[1].m_BottomRight = Mesh.m_BottomRight;
SubMesh[1].m_TopRight = CDimension2(Mesh.m_BottomRight.m_u, Mid.m_v);
SubMesh[1].m_TopLeft = SubMesh[0].m_TopRight;
//右上子长方形
SubMesh[2].m_BottomLeft = SubMesh[1].m_TopLeft;
SubMesh[2].m_BottomRight = SubMesh[1].m_TopRight;
SubMesh[2].m_TopRight = Mesh.m_TopRight;
SubMesh[2].m_TopLeft = CDimension2(Mid.m_u, Mesh.m_TopRight.m_v);
//左上子长方形
SubMesh[3].m_BottomLeft = SubMesh[0].m_TopLeft;
SubMesh[3].m_BottomRight = SubMesh[2].m_BottomLeft;
SubMesh[3].m_TopRight = SubMesh[2].m_TopLeft;
SubMesh[3].m_TopLeft = Mesh.m_TopLeft;
Recursion(pDC, ReNumber - 1, SubMesh[0]);//递归绘制4个子曲面
Recursion(pDC, ReNumber - 1, SubMesh[1]);
Recursion(pDC, ReNumber - 1, SubMesh[2]);
Recursion(pDC, ReNumber - 1, SubMesh[3]);
}
}
求细分曲面四个顶点的坐标
void CBezier::Tessellation(CMesh Mesh)
{
double M[4][4];//系数矩阵M
M[0][0] = -1, M[0][1] = 3, M[0][2] = -3, M[0][3] = 1;
M[1][0] = 3, M[1][1] = -6, M[1][2] = 3, M[1][3] = 0;
M[2][0] = -3, M[2][1] = 3, M[2][2] = 0, M[2][3] = 0;
M[3][0] = 1, M[3][1] = 0, M[3][2] = 0, M[3][3] = 0;
CPoint3 P3[4][4];//曲线计算用控制点数组
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
P3[i][j] = m_CtrPt[i][j];
LeftMultiplyMatrix(M, P3);//系数矩阵左乘三维点矩阵
TransposeMatrix(M);//计算转置矩阵
RightMultiplyMatrix(P3, M);//系数矩阵右乘三维点矩阵
double u0, u1, u2, u3, v0, v1, v2, v3;//u、v参数的幂
double u[4] = { Mesh.m_BottomLeft.m_u,Mesh.m_BottomRight.m_u ,Mesh.m_TopRight.m_u ,Mesh.m_TopLeft.m_u };
double v[4] = { Mesh.m_BottomLeft.m_v,Mesh.m_BottomRight.m_v ,Mesh.m_TopRight.m_v ,Mesh.m_TopLeft.m_v };
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
u3 = pow(u[i], 3.0), u2 = pow(u[i], 2.0), u1 = u[i], u0 = 1;
v3 = pow(v[i], 3.0), v2 = pow(v[i], 2.0), v1 = v[i], v0 = 1;
CPoint3 Pt = (u3 * P3[0][0] + u2 * P3[1][0] + u1 * P3[2][0] + u0 * P3[3][0]) * v3
+ (u3 * P3[0][1] + u2 * P3[1][1] + u1 * P3[2][1] + u0 * P3[3][1]) * v2
+ (u3 * P3[0][2] + u2 * P3[1][2] + u1 * P3[2][2] + u0 * P3[3][2]) * v1
+ (u3 * P3[0][3] + u2 * P3[1][3] + u1 * P3[2][3] + u0 * P3[3][3]) * v0;
m_QuadrPoint[i] = Pt;
}
}
绘制细分曲面,就是知道了四个点绘制四边形
void CBezier::DrawQuadrilateral(CDC* pDC)
{
CPoint2 ScreenPoint[4];//二维投影点
for (int nPoint = 0; nPoint < 4; nPoint++)
ScreenPoint[nPoint] = m_QuadrPoint[nPoint];//正交投影
CPen NewPen, * pOldPen;
NewPen.CreatePen(PS_SOLID, 2, RGB(255, 0, 0));
pOldPen = pDC->SelectObject(&NewPen);
pDC->MoveTo(ROUND(ScreenPoint[0].m_x), ROUND(ScreenPoint[0].m_y));
pDC->LineTo(ROUND(ScreenPoint[1].m_x), ROUND(ScreenPoint[1].m_y));
pDC->LineTo(ROUND(ScreenPoint[2].m_x), ROUND(ScreenPoint[2].m_y));
pDC->LineTo(ROUND(ScreenPoint[3].m_x), ROUND(ScreenPoint[3].m_y));
pDC->LineTo(ROUND(ScreenPoint[0].m_x), ROUND(ScreenPoint[0].m_y));
pDC->SelectObject(pOldPen);
NewPen.DeleteObject();
}
第二种方法
在四根贝塞尔曲线p(t),q(t),r(t),s(t)上去相同的t，根据定义可以得到四个点P,Q,R,S，这四个点又可以画一个三次贝塞尔曲线，那么在t从0递增至1的过程中就会产生一系列的三次贝塞尔曲线，这一组曲线就构成了一个曲面。
需要项目代码的可以评论区留言或者私信
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