1.非接触式IC的概述
非接触式IC卡的分类(读写器发射距离):
CICC卡(Close-Couple ICC)
PICC卡(Proximity ICC)
VICC卡(Vicinity ICC)
IC卡 | 读卡器 | 国家标准 | 读写距离 |
CICC | CCD | ISO/IEC 10536 | 紧靠 |
PICC | PCD | ISO/IEC 14443 | <10cm |
VICC | VCD | ISO/IEC 15693 | <50cm |
非接触式IC卡要解决下面三个问题:
1.IC卡如何获得能量?
2.PICC物理特性
物理特性与尺寸应符合ISO/IEC7810以及电磁场、射线、工作温度、机械形变等技术要求。
3.Radio frequency power and signal interface
3.1 initial dialogue for PICC
读写器PCD产生耦合到PICC的RF电磁场,用来传送能量和通信信号(经过调制和解调)。
PICC获得能量后,将其转换成直流电压。 The PCD shall produce an energizing RF field which couples to the PICC to transfer power and which shall be modulated for communication.
RF场的频率: fc=13.56MHz ±7kHz
RF场的磁场强度:H=1.5A/m~7.5A/m
PCD产生的磁场强度至少为1.5A/m,且不能超过7.5A/m。
3.3 信号接口
信号接口分为Type A和Type B两种。
从PCD — PICC的信号(Type A):
(1)传输率:
载波频率fc: 13.56MHz;
数据传输率:13.56MHZ/128=106Kbit/s;
(2)调制
调制深度 ASK(amplitude shift keying): 100%;
以间隙Pause传送数据
(3)数位的表示和编码
表示方式:
时序X
时序Y
时序Z
信息的编码:
逻辑“1”:时序X
逻辑“0”:时序Y
从PICC — PCD 的信号(Type A):
(1)传输率
在初始化和防冲突期间,传输的数据波特率应为fc/128(~106kbps)。
(2)负载调制
副载波负载调制的频率fc应为fc/16(~847kHz),因此,在初始化和防冲突期间,一个位持续时间等于8个副载波周期。
4.初始化和防冲突
ISO/IEC14443 包括:
为检出进入PCD能量场的PICC,PCD重复发出请求命令REQA/REQB,并查寻应答ATQA/ATQB,这一过程称为“polling”。
4.2 FDT
FDT:Frame delay time
FDT (PCD to PICC):
Table 1 defines values for n and FDT depending on the command type and the logic state of the last transmitted data bit in this command.
command type | n | FDT | FDT |
last bit = (1) b | last bit =(0) b | ||
REQA WUPA ANTICOLLISION SELECT | 9 | 1236/fc | 1172/fc |
All other command | >=9 | (n*128 + 84) / fc | (n*128 + 20)/fc |
The value n=9 means that all PICCs in the field shall respond in a synchronous way which is needed for anticollision.
FDT (PICC to PCD):
This is the tmie between the last modulation transmitted by the PICC and the first pause transmitted by the PCD and shall be at least 1172 / fc.
4.3 Request Guard Time
定义为:两个连续REQA命令起始位之间的最小时间。值为7000 / fc.
4.4 帧格式
三种:短帧、标准帧、比特防冲突帧
a。short frame
作用:initiate communication 。
组成:起始位、7位数据位(LSB transmitted first)、结束位。没有奇偶校验位。
b。standard frame
作用:data exchange
组成:起始位、n*(8 data bits + odd parity bit)(LSB transmitted first)、结束位。
c。bit oriented anticollision frame
A collision isdetected when at least two PICCs transmit different bit patterns to the PCD。
面向比特防冲突帧仅用在比特帧防冲突环期间,并且该帧是有7个字节长度的标准帧,分为两部分:
从而,第2部分的最小长度应为1个数据位,最大长度应为40个数据位。
数据位的两部分可在任意位置分开,分两种情况:
4.5 PICC状态
The following symbols apply for the state diagram shown in Figure below.
ACANTICOLLISION Command (matched UID)
nACANTICOLLISION Command (not matched UID)
SELECTSELECT Command (matched UID)
nSELECTSELECT Command (not matched UID)
DESELECTDESELECT Command, defined in ISO/IEC 14443-4
Error transmission error detected
1)POWER OFF
PICC由于缺少载波能量而处于断电状态,也不发射副载波。
(2)IDLE (休闲)状态
电磁场激活后延迟toRA时间,PICC进入IDLE状态。
(3)READY (就绪)状态
(4)ACTIVE(激活)状态
(5)HALT(停止)状态
4.6 命令集
PCD 管理进入能量场的多张卡的命令:
(1)REQA命令和WAKE-UP命令
The REQA and WUPA Commands are sent by the PCD to probe the field for PICCs of Type A. They are
transmitted within a short frame.
这两条命令都是使卡进入Ready状态,差别是REQA命令从IDLE进入Ready状态,而Wake-up从Halt进入Ready状态。
Table 2 shows the coding of REQA and WUPA Commands which use the Short frame format.
(2)ANTICOLLISION命令与SELECT命令
这些命令在防冲突环期间使用。ANTICOLLISION和SELECT命令由下列内容组成:
选择代码SEL(1个字节)
有效位的数目NVB(1个字节)
根据NVB的值,UID CLn的0到40个数据位
The ANTICOLLISION Command is transmitted within bit oriented anticollision frame.
The SELECT Command is transmitted within standard frame
As long as NVB does not specify 40 valid bits, the command is called ANTICOLLISION Command, where the PICC
remains in READY or READY* State.
If NVB specifies 40 data bits of UID CLn (NVB='70'), a CRC_A shall be appended. This command is called
SELECT Command.
If the PICC has transmitted the complete UID, it transits from READY State to ACTIVE State or from READY* State
to ACTIVE* State and indicates in its SAK response that UID is complete.Otherwise, the PICC remains in READY or READY* state and the PCD shall initiate a new anticollision loop with
increased cascade level.
4.7 选择序列
The purpose of the select sequence is to get the UID from one PICC and to select this PICC for further communication.
Select sequence flowchart: