VTK笔记——插值样条曲线（Parametric Spline）

相信大家对曲线并不陌生，在生活工作学习中都会接触到。同样，在3D方面，曲线也大有用处。

什么是样条曲线

我们先看下百度词条的定义：

所谓样条曲线(Spline Curves)是指给定一组控制点而得到一条曲线，曲线的大致形状由这些点予以控制，一般可分为插值样条和逼近样条两种，插值样条通常用于数字化绘图或动画的设计，逼近样条一般用来构造物体的表面。

也就是说，要构造一条曲线，首先需要控制点，然后确定插值方法。需要多少控制点，这个根据实际情况来定，一般不少于3个控制点，曲线的形状最终是由曲线方程来表示的。
构造样条曲线，通常有两种方法：拟合和插值。拟合不要求通过所有控制点，只要神似即可。插值则要形似，要穿过每个控制点。
下面介绍的方法是插值。

如何构造插值样条曲线

我们今天要用的方法就是vtkParametricSpline.
先看下它的描述：
vtkParametricSpline Description

parametric function for 1D interpolating splines

vtkParametricSpline is a parametric function for 1D interpolating splines. vtkParametricSpline maps the single parameter u into a 3D point (x,y,z) using three instances of interpolating splines. This family of 1D splines is guaranteed to be parameterized in the interval [0,1]. Attempting to evaluate outside this interval will cause the parameter u to be clamped in the range [0,1].

When constructed, this class creates instances of vtkCardinalSpline for each of the x-y-z coordinates. The user may choose to replace these with their own instances of subclasses of vtkSpline.

vtkParametricSpline是参数方程，三次样条插值的默认方法是vtkCardinalSpline,当然可以用另外的方法，比如vtkKochanekSpline[详见Kochanek, D., Bartels, R., “Interpolating Splines with Local Tension, Continuity, and Bias Control,” Computer Graphics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 33-41, July 1984].

那么，插值样条曲线，用vtk的类就比较简单。先将控制点插到vtkPoints，然后通过vtkParametricSpline就完成了。
举个例子，给定4个点，拟合一条曲线：

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPoints> points =
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkPoints>::New();
points->InsertNextPoint(p0);
points->InsertNextPoint(p1);
points->InsertNextPoint(p2);
points->InsertNextPoint(p3);

vtkSmartPointer<vtkParametricSpline> spline =
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkParametricSpline>::New();
spline->SetPoints(points);

下面就是由4个控制点得到的样条曲线：

几个可能会涉及到的问题：
1.如果我们要让曲线闭合，怎么办？
调用SetClosed/ClosedOn即可。

2.参数化的方式默认是长度，可以通过SetParameterizeByLength/ParameterizeByLengthOff修改。

3.插值方法默认是vtkCardinalSpline，要修改为vtkKochanekSpline，可以通过SetXSpline/SetYSpline/SetZSpline修改。

4.在使用vtkParametricFunctionSource可视化的过程中，可能发现控制点不跟随，那就需要提高分辨率，SetUResolution/SetVResolution/SetWResolution.

示例代码

#include <vtkPolyData.h>
#include <vtkSmartPointer.h>
#include <vtkPolyDataMapper.h>
#include <vtkActor.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindow.h>
#include <vtkRenderer.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindowInteractor.h>
#include <vtkProperty.h>
#include <vtkParametricSpline.h>
#include <vtkParametricFunctionSource.h>
#include <vtkSphereSource.h>
#include <vtkGlyph3DMapper.h>

int main(int, char *[])
{
	double p0[3] = { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
	double p1[3] = { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 };
	double p2[3] = { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 };
	double p3[3] = { 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 };

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkPoints> points =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkPoints>::New();
	points->InsertNextPoint(p0);
	points->InsertNextPoint(p1);
	points->InsertNextPoint(p2);
	points->InsertNextPoint(p3);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkParametricSpline> spline =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkParametricSpline>::New();
	spline->SetPoints(points);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkParametricFunctionSource> functionSource =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkParametricFunctionSource>::New();
	functionSource->SetParametricFunction(spline);
	functionSource->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyDataMapper> splineMapper =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyDataMapper>::New();
	splineMapper->SetInputConnection(functionSource->GetOutputPort());

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkActor> splineActor =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkActor>::New();
	splineActor->SetMapper(splineMapper);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkSphereSource> sphereSource =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkSphereSource>::New();
	sphereSource->SetPhiResolution(21);
	sphereSource->SetThetaResolution(21);
	sphereSource->SetRadius(.1);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> splinePointsData =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData>::New();
	splinePointsData->SetPoints(points);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkGlyph3DMapper> splinePointsMapper =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkGlyph3DMapper>::New();
	splinePointsMapper->SetInputData(splinePointsData);
	splinePointsMapper->SetSourceConnection(sphereSource->GetOutputPort());

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkActor> pointsActor =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkActor>::New();
	pointsActor->SetMapper(splinePointsMapper);
	pointsActor->GetProperty()->SetColor(1, 0, 0);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> renderer =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow> renderWindow =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow>::New();
	renderWindow->SetSize(600, 600);
	renderWindow->AddRenderer(renderer);
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor> renderWindowInteractor =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor>::New();
	renderWindowInteractor->SetRenderWindow(renderWindow);

	renderer->AddActor(splineActor);
	renderer->AddActor(pointsActor);

	renderWindow->Render();
	renderWindowInteractor->Start();

	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

Reference
VTKExamples/Cxx/PolyData/ParametricSpline
vtkParametricSpline Class Reference
样条曲线 百度百科