本程序是根据Raytracing的要求所写。
该题目要求根据其所给的框架程序来实现raytracing的功能。
该项目已迁移到我的个人github主页，请访问[bin2415]## 题目要求
具体实现
- 环境是virual studio 2015和opengl
具体代码及分析如下：
/* CSCI 480 Assignment 3 Raytracer Name: <binpang> */ {% highlight c++ %} #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS #define GLUT_DISABLE_ATEXIT_HACK #include <pic.h> #include <windows.h> #include <GL/glu.h> #include <GL/glut.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string> #include <math.h> #include <vector> #define MAX_TRIANGLES 2000 #define MAX_SPHERES 10 #define MAX_LIGHTS 10 char *filename=0; #define MODE_DISPLAY 1 #define MODE_JPEG 2 int mode=MODE_DISPLAY; #define WIDTH 640 #define HEIGHT 480 #define fov 60.0 #define PI 3.1415926 int MaxStep = 10; int Steps = 0; //求出投射的屏幕的x和y的最大范围的坐标 double yMax = tan((double)PI*fov / (2 * 180)); double xMax = yMax*((double)WIDTH) / ((double)HEIGHT); unsigned char buffer[HEIGHT][WIDTH][3]; struct Vertex { double position[3]; double color_diffuse[3];//漫射 double color_specular[3]; //反射 double normal[3]; double shininess; }; typedef struct _Triangle { struct Vertex v[3]; } Triangle; typedef struct _Sphere { double position[3]; double color_diffuse[3]; double color_specular[3]; double shininess; double radius; } Sphere; typedef struct _Light { double position[3]; double color[3]; } Light; //表示点的结构 struct point { double x; double y; double z; }; //点在里面还是在外面 struct isIn { bool in; //当在三角形外面时为0，当在里面时为1 double bary[3]; }; //交点的结构 struct intexPoint { point p; double t; int tID; //物体在数组中的标号 int tObj; //如果是1表示点在圆上，如果为2表示在三角形上 isIn iO; }; Triangle triangles[MAX_TRIANGLES]; Sphere spheres[MAX_SPHERES]; Light lights[MAX_LIGHTS]; double ambient_light[3]; struct point cam; int num_triangles=0; int num_spheres=0; int num_lights=0; void plot_pixel_display(int x,int y,unsigned char r,unsigned char g,unsigned char b); void plot_pixel_jpeg(int x,int y,unsigned char r,unsigned char g,unsigned char b); void plot_pixel(int x,int y,unsigned char r,unsigned char g,unsigned char b); point reflect(intexPoint p, point dir); point Render(point p, point dir); //两个点进行相减 point minusPoint(point A, point B) { point C; C.x = A.x - B.x; C.y = A.y - B.y; C.z = A.z - B.z; return C; } //向量除以一个数 point DivConst(point A, double a) { point B; B.x = 0.0; B.y = 0.0; B.z = 0.0; if (abs(a) > 1e-10) { B.x = A.x / a; B.y = A.y / a; B.z = A.z / a; } return B; } //计算向量的大小 double caculateSize(point A) { double size; size = sqrt(pow(A.x, 2) + pow(A.y, 2) + pow(A.z, 2)); return size; } //单位化向量 point unitize(point A) { point uni; double size; size = caculateSize(A); uni = DivConst(A, size); return uni; } //点乘 double dot(point A, point B) { double C; C = (A.x*B.x + A.y*B.y + A.z*B.z); return C; } //叉乘 point cross(point A, point B) { point C; C.x = (A.y*B.z - B.y*A.z); C.y = (B.x*A.z - A.x*B.z); C.z = (A.x*B.y - A.y*B.x); return C; } //求出距离src，方向为dir，长度为t的点 point caluPoint(point src, point dir, double t) { point p; p.x = src.x + t*(dir.x); p.y = src.y + t*(dir.y); p.z = src.z + t*(dir.z); return p; } //与球的交点 double intersectSphere(Sphere sphere, point src, point dir) { double b, c, t, t1, t2; t1 = 0; t2 = 0; c = pow((src.x - sphere.position[0]), 2) + pow((src.y - sphere.position[1]), 2) + pow((src.z - sphere.position[2]), 2) - pow(sphere.radius, 2); b = 2 * (dir.x*(src.x - sphere.position[0]) + dir.y*(src.y - sphere.position[1]) + dir.z*(src.z - sphere.position[2]) ); //检查判别式是否大于0 if ((pow(b, 2) - 4 * c) > 0) { t1 = (((-1)*b) + sqrt(pow(b, 2) - 4 * c)) / 2; t2 = (((-1)*b) - sqrt(pow(b, 2) - 4 * c)) / 2; if (t1 <= t2) t = t1; else t = t2; if (t < 0) t = -1; else if (t<1e-10) { if (t1<1e-15 && t2>1e-15) t = t2; else if (t2<1e-15 && t1>1e-15) t = t1; else t = -1; } } else t = -1; return t; } //获得两个顶点之间的边 point getSide(Vertex v1, Vertex v2) { point c; c.x = v1.position[0] - v2.position[0]; c.y = v1.position[1] - v2.position[1]; c.z = v1.position[2] - v2.position[2]; return c; } //判断两个点是否相等 bool checkEqual(point A, point B) { bool equ; if ((abs(A.x - B.x)<1e-10) && (abs(A.y - B.y)<1e-10) && (abs(A.z - B.z)<1e-10)) equ = 1; else equ = 0; return equ; } double intersectTriangle(Triangle triangle, point src, point dir,isIn* iO) { point AB, AC, DirxAC; float u, v, t; //isIn iO; AB = getSide(triangle.v[1], triangle.v[0]); AC = getSide(triangle.v[2], triangle.v[0]); DirxAC = cross(dir, AC); float det = dot(AB, DirxAC); point T; point p1; p1.x = triangle.v[0].position[0]; p1.y = triangle.v[0].position[1]; p1.z = triangle.v[0].position[2]; if (det >0) { T = minusPoint(src, p1); } else { T = minusPoint(p1, src); det = -det; } if (det < 1e-10) { iO->in = -1; return -1; } u = dot(T, DirxAC); if (u < 0.0f || u > det) { iO->in = -1; return -1; } point Q = cross(T, AB); v = dot(dir, Q); if (v < 0.0f || u + v > det) { iO->in = -1; return -1; } t = dot(AC, Q); //t = -t; float fInvDet = 1.0f / det; t *= fInvDet; u *= fInvDet; v *= fInvDet; iO->in = 1; iO->bary[0] = u; iO->bary[1] = v; iO->bary[2] = 1 - u - v; return t; } //找到p点在圆上的的法向量，tID为spheres数组中的标号 point findSphereNormal(point p, int tID) { point n; // based on the equation n.x = (p.x - spheres[tID].position[0]) / spheres[tID].radius; n.y = (p.y - spheres[tID].position[1]) / spheres[tID].radius; n.z = (p.z - spheres[tID].position[2]) / spheres[tID].radius; return n; } //三角形的线性插值,如果ID为0则表示法线插值,如果ID为1则表示漫反射，如果为2则表示镜面反射 point chazhi(Triangle triangle, isIn iO, int ID) { point P; if (ID == 0) { P.x = iO.bary[0] * triangle.v[0].normal[0] + iO.bary[1] * triangle.v[1].normal[1] + iO.bary[2] * triangle.v[2].normal[2]; P.y = iO.bary[0] * triangle.v[0].normal[1] + iO.bary[1] * triangle.v[1].normal[1] + iO.bary[2] * triangle.v[2].normal[1]; P.z = iO.bary[0] * triangle.v[0].normal[2] + iO.bary[1] * triangle.v[1].normal[2] + iO.bary[2] * triangle.v[2].normal[2]; } else if (ID == 1) { P.x = iO.bary[0] * triangle.v[0].color_diffuse[0] + iO.bary[1] * triangle.v[1].color_diffuse[0] + iO.bary[2] * triangle.v[2].color_diffuse[0]; P.y = iO.bary[0] * triangle.v[0].color_diffuse[1] + iO.bary[1] * triangle.v[1].color_diffuse[1] + iO.bary[2] * triangle.v[2].color_diffuse[1]; P.z = iO.bary[0] * triangle.v[0].color_diffuse[2] + iO.bary[1] * triangle.v[1].color_diffuse[2] + iO.bary[2] * triangle.v[2].color_diffuse[2]; } else if (ID == 2) { P.x = iO.bary[0] * triangle.v[0].color_specular[0] + iO.bary[1] * triangle.v[1].color_specular[0] + iO.bary[2] * triangle.v[2].color_specular[0]; P.y = iO.bary[0] * triangle.v[0].color_specular[1] + iO.bary[1] * triangle.v[1].color_specular[1] + iO.bary[2] * triangle.v[2].color_specular[1]; P.z = iO.bary[0] * triangle.v[0].color_specular[2] + iO.bary[1] * triangle.v[1].color_specular[2] + iO.bary[2] * triangle.v[2].color_specular[2]; } return P; } //公式模型I_spec = k_z * I_l(V • ((2N • L)N - L))^n_s //其中R = (2N • L)N - L point phong(point p, int id, int Obj, isIn iO, Light light, point camera) { point n, l, v, r, kd, ks; point po; double lDotN, rDotV, n_s; //用point表示light的位置 l.x = light.position[0]; l.y = light.position[1]; l.z = light.position[2]; //l = l - p; //入射光线 l = unitize(minusPoint(l, p)); //v = camera - p; //观察者到p点的射线 v = unitize(minusPoint(camera, p)); if (Obj == 1) { n = findSphereNormal(p, id); kd.x = spheres[id].color_diffuse[0]; kd.y = spheres[id].color_diffuse[1]; kd.z = spheres[id].color_diffuse[2]; ks.x = spheres[id].color_specular[0]; ks.y = spheres[id].color_specular[1]; ks.z = spheres[id].color_specular[2]; n_s = spheres[id].shininess; } else if (Obj == 2) { n = unitize(chazhi(triangles[id], iO, 0)); kd = chazhi(triangles[id], iO, 1); ks = chazhi(triangles[id], iO, 2); n_s = iO.bary[0] * triangles[id].v[0].shininess + iO.bary[1] * triangles[id].v[1].shininess + iO.bary[2] * triangles[id].v[2].shininess; } lDotN = dot(l, n); if (lDotN<0) lDotN = 0; else if (lDotN>1.f) lDotN = 1.f; //R = (2N • L)N - L r.x = 2 * lDotN*n.x - l.x; r.y = 2 * lDotN*n.y - l.y; r.z = 2 * lDotN*n.z - l.z; rDotV = dot(r, v); if (rDotV<0) rDotV = 0; else if (rDotV>1.f) rDotV = 1.f; //计算该点的颜色r,g,b po.x = light.color[0] * ((kd.x)*lDotN + ((ks.x)*pow((rDotV), (n_s)))); // r po.y = light.color[1] * ((kd.y)*lDotN + ((ks.y)*pow((rDotV), (n_s)))); // g po.z = light.color[2] * ((kd.z)*lDotN + ((ks.z)*pow((rDotV), (n_s)))); // b return po; } /* 与物体相交 */ intexPoint intersectObjects(point p1, point p2, point dir, int flag) { point p, q,raySrc, pixPoint; intexPoint intxObj; isIn iO; iO.in = -1; double t, t1, t2, tS, tT; int id, Obj; q = p1; t1 = 0; id = -1; Obj = -1; raySrc = p1; //找到最近的交点 for (int i = 0; i < num_spheres; i++) { tS = intersectSphere(spheres[i], raySrc, dir); if (t1 == 0 && tS > 1e-10) { t1 = tS; id = i; Obj = 1; } else if (tS <= t1 && tS > 1e-10) { t1 = tS; id = i; Obj = 1; } } for (int i = 0; i < num_triangles; i++) { tT = intersectTriangle(triangles[i], raySrc, dir, &iO); p = caluPoint(raySrc, dir, tT); //找到交点 //iO = isInTest(triangles[i], p); //判断p点是否在三角形内 if (iO.in == 1) { if (t1 == 0 && tT > 1e-5) { t1 = tT; id = i; Obj = 2; if (flag == 0) q = p; intxObj.iO.bary[0] = iO.bary[0]; intxObj.iO.bary[1] = iO.bary[1]; intxObj.iO.bary[2] = iO.bary[2]; } else if (tT<t1 && tT>1e-5) { t1 = tT; id = i; Obj = 2; if (flag == 0) q = p; intxObj.iO.bary[0] = iO.bary[0]; intxObj.iO.bary[1] = iO.bary[1]; intxObj.iO.bary[2] = iO.bary[2]; } } } if (flag == 1) { //如果为1则计算从light到p点的距离t2 if (dir.x != 0) { t2 = (p2.x - raySrc.x) / dir.x; } else if (dir.y != 0) { t2 = (p2.y - raySrc.y) / dir.y; } else if (dir.z != 0) { t2 = (p2.z - raySrc.z) / dir.z; } else t2 = 0; //t2和t1进行比较，如果t1小于t2则说明没有物体挡住光线 if (t1 >= t2) { Obj = -1; id = -1; } } else if ((t1 >= 0) && (Obj == 1)) q = caluPoint(raySrc, dir, t1); intxObj.p = q; intxObj.t = t1; intxObj.tID = id; intxObj.tObj = Obj; return intxObj; } point findColor(int x, int y) { //point p, q, dir, light, lightS; //point black, pixColor, temp, tempN; //intexPoint intxObj, intxFlag; point black, pixColor, p; black.x = 0.0; black.y = 0.0; black.z = 0.0; pixColor = black; //将像素点转换为世界坐标 p.x = (((double)x / (double)WIDTH) * 2 * xMax) - xMax; p.y = (((double)y / (double)HEIGHT) * 2 * yMax) - yMax; p.z = -1; point dir1, p1 = p; dir1 = minusPoint(p, cam); dir1 = unitize(dir1); pixColor = Render(p, dir1); if (pixColor.x > 1) pixColor.x = 1.f; if (pixColor.y > 1) pixColor.y = 1.f; if (pixColor.z > 1) pixColor.z = 1.f; return pixColor; } //迭代渲染 point Render(point p, point dir) { Steps++; point blackColor, pixColor, q, light, dir1, temp, temp1; point reflect_ray; intexPoint intxObj, intxFlag; blackColor.x = 0.0; blackColor.y = 0.0; blackColor.z = 0.0; pixColor = blackColor; if (Steps > MaxStep) { Steps = 0; return blackColor; } point p1 = p; intxObj = intersectObjects(p, p1, dir, 0); //如果和一个物体有交点 if (intxObj.tID != -1) { q = intxObj.p; reflect_ray = reflect(intxObj, dir); pixColor.x += ambient_light[0]; pixColor.y += ambient_light[1]; pixColor.z += ambient_light[2]; for (int h = 0; h < num_lights; h++) { light.x = lights[h].position[0]; light.y = lights[h].position[1]; light.z = lights[h].position[2]; dir1 = minusPoint(light, q); dir1 = unitize(dir1); intxFlag = intersectObjects(q, light, dir1, 1); //如果没有物体遮挡 if (intxFlag.tID == -1) { //phong模型求出颜色 temp = phong(q, intxObj.tID, intxObj.tObj, intxObj.iO, lights[h], cam); pixColor.x += temp.x; pixColor.y += temp.y; pixColor.z += temp.z; } } temp1 = Render(q, reflect_ray); int id = intxObj.tID; if (intxObj.tObj == 1) { pixColor.x += temp1.x * spheres[id].color_specular[0]; pixColor.y += temp1.y * spheres[id].color_specular[1]; pixColor.z += temp1.z * spheres[id].color_specular[2]; } else { point tp = chazhi(triangles[id], intxObj.iO, 2); pixColor.x += temp1.x * tp.x; pixColor.y += temp1.y * tp.y; pixColor.z += temp1.z * tp.z; } } else { pixColor = blackColor; Steps = 0; } return pixColor; } //反射的光线的方向 point reflect(intexPoint intx, point dir) { point result; point n; if (intx.tObj == 1) { n = findSphereNormal(intx.p, intx.tID); } else { n = unitize(chazhi(triangles[intx.tID], intx.iO, 0)); } dir.x = -dir.x; dir.y = -dir.y; dir.z = -dir.z; double r1 = dot(n, dir); point n2; n2.x = n.x * 2 * r1; n2.y = n.y * 2 * r1; n2.z = n.z * 2 * r1; result = n2; return result; } void drawColor() { unsigned int x, y; point pixColor; for (x = 0; x < WIDTH; x++) { for (y = 0; y < HEIGHT; y++) { pixColor = findColor(x, y); plot_pixel_jpeg(x, y, abs(pixColor.x) * 255, abs(pixColor.y) * 255, abs(pixColor.z) * 255); } } } //MODIFY THIS FUNCTION void draw_scene() { unsigned int x,y; //glPointSize(2.0); //glBegin(GL_POINTS); //simple output for(x=0; x<WIDTH; x++) { glPointSize(2.0); glBegin(GL_POINTS); for(y=0;y < HEIGHT;y++) { // plot_pixel(x,y,x%256,y%256,(x+y)%256); plot_pixel_display(x, y, buffer[HEIGHT - y - 1][x][0], buffer[HEIGHT - y - 1][x][1], buffer[HEIGHT - y - 1][x][2]); } glEnd(); glFlush(); } printf("Done!\n"); fflush(stdout); } void plot_pixel_display(int x,int y,unsigned char r,unsigned char g,unsigned char b) { glColor3f(((double)r)/256.f,((double)g)/256.f,((double)b)/256.f); glVertex2i(x,y); } void plot_pixel_jpeg(int x,int y,unsigned char r,unsigned char g,unsigned char b) { buffer[HEIGHT-y-1][x][0]=r; buffer[HEIGHT-y-1][x][1]=g; buffer[HEIGHT-y-1][x][2]=b; } void plot_pixel(int x,int y,unsigned char r,unsigned char g, unsigned char b) { plot_pixel_display(x,y,r,g,b); if(mode == MODE_JPEG) plot_pixel_jpeg(x,y,r,g,b); } /*void save_jpg() { Pic *in = NULL; in = pic_alloc(640, 480, 3, NULL); printf("Saving JPEG file: %s\n", filename); memcpy(in->pix,buffer,3*WIDTH*HEIGHT); if (jpeg_write(filename, in)) printf("File saved Successfully\n"); else printf("Error in Saving\n"); pic_free(in); }*/ void parse_check(char *expected,char *found) { if(stricmp(expected,found)) { char error[100]; printf("Expected '%s ' found '%s '\n",expected,found); printf("Parse error, abnormal abortion\n"); exit(0); } } void parse_doubles(FILE*file, char *check, double p[3]) { char str[100]; fscanf(file,"%s",str); parse_check(check,str); fscanf(file,"%lf %lf %lf",&p[0],&p[1],&p[2]); printf("%s %lf %lf %lf\n",check,p[0],p[1],p[2]); } void parse_rad(FILE*file,double *r) { char str[100]; fscanf(file,"%s",str); parse_check("rad:",str); fscanf(file,"%lf",r); printf("rad: %f\n",*r); } void parse_shi(FILE*file,double *shi) { char s[100]; fscanf(file,"%s",s); parse_check("shi:",s); fscanf(file,"%lf",shi); printf("shi: %f\n",*shi); } int loadScene(char *argv) { FILE *file = fopen(argv,"r"); int number_of_objects; char type[50]; int i; Triangle t; Sphere s; Light l; fscanf(file,"%i",&number_of_objects); printf("number of objects: %i\n",number_of_objects); char str[200]; parse_doubles(file,"amb:",ambient_light); for(i=0;i < number_of_objects;i++) { fscanf(file,"%s\n",type); printf("%s\n",type); if(stricmp(type,"triangle")==0) { printf("found triangle\n"); int j; for(j=0;j < 3;j++) { parse_doubles(file,"pos:",t.v[j].position); parse_doubles(file,"nor:",t.v[j].normal); parse_doubles(file,"dif:",t.v[j].color_diffuse); parse_doubles(file,"spe:",t.v[j].color_specular); parse_shi(file,&t.v[j].shininess); } if(num_triangles == MAX_TRIANGLES) { printf("too many triangles, you should increase MAX_TRIANGLES!\n"); exit(0); } triangles[num_triangles++] = t; } else if(stricmp(type,"sphere")==0) { printf("found sphere\n"); parse_doubles(file,"pos:",s.position); parse_rad(file,&s.radius); parse_doubles(file,"dif:",s.color_diffuse); parse_doubles(file,"spe:",s.color_specular); parse_shi(file,&s.shininess); if(num_spheres == MAX_SPHERES) { printf("too many spheres, you should increase MAX_SPHERES!\n"); exit(0); } spheres[num_spheres++] = s; } else if(stricmp(type,"light")==0) { printf("found light\n"); parse_doubles(file,"pos:",l.position); parse_doubles(file,"col:",l.color); if(num_lights == MAX_LIGHTS) { printf("too many lights, you should increase MAX_LIGHTS!\n"); exit(0); } lights[num_lights++] = l; } else { printf("unknown type in scene description:\n%s\n",type); exit(0); } } return 0; } void display() { cam.x = 0.0; cam.y = 0.0; cam.z = 0.0; glLoadIdentity(); drawColor(); draw_scene(); } void init() { glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glOrtho(0,WIDTH,0,HEIGHT,1,-1); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); glClearColor(0,0,0,0); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); } void idle() { //hack to make it only draw once static int once=0; if (!once) { draw_scene(); // if (mode == MODE_JPEG) // save_jpg(); } once=1; } int main (int argc, char ** argv) { if (argc<2 || argc > 3) { printf ("usage: %s <scenefile> [jpegname]\n", argv[0]); exit(0); } if(argc == 3) { mode = MODE_JPEG; filename = argv[2]; } else if(argc == 2) mode = MODE_DISPLAY; glutInit(&argc,argv); loadScene(argv[1]); glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_SINGLE); glutInitWindowPosition(0,0); glutInitWindowSize(WIDTH,HEIGHT); int window = glutCreateWindow("Ray Tracer"); glutDisplayFunc(display); glutIdleFunc(idle); init(); glutMainLoop(); }运行结果如图所示
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