43-继承的概念和意义
【问题】类之间是否存在直接的关联关系?
继承的概念
【范例代码】组合关系的描述
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Memory {
public:
Memory() {
cout << "Memory()" << endl;
}
~Memory() {
cout << "~Memory()" << endl;
}
};
class Disk {
public:
Disk() {
cout << "Disk()" << endl;
}
~Disk() {
cout << "~Disk()" << endl;
}
};
class CPU {
public:
CPU() {
cout << "CPU()" << endl;
}
~CPU() {
cout << "~CPU()" << endl;
}
};
class MainBoard {
public:
MainBoard() {
cout << "MainBoard()" << endl;
}
~MainBoard() {
cout << "~MainBoard()" << endl;
}
};
// 组合关系
class Computer {
Memory mMem;
Disk mDisk;
CPU mCPU;
MainBoard mMainBoard;
public:
Computer() {
cout << "Computer()" << endl;
}
void power() {
cout << "power()" << endl;
}
void reset() {
cout << "reset()" << endl;
}
~Computer() {
cout << "~Computer()" << endl;
}
};
int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
Computer c;
return 0;
}
组合关系的特点:
- 将其他类的对象作为当前类的成员使用
- 当前类的对象与成员对象的生命期相同
- 成员对象在用法上与普通对象完全一致
面向对象中的继承指类之间的父子关系:
- 子类拥有父类的所有属性和行为
- 子类就是一种特殊的父类
- 子类对象可以当作父类对象使用
- 子类中可以添加父类没有的方法和属性
C++通过下面的方式描述继承关系:
class Parent {
int mv;
public:
void method() { };
};
class Child : public Parent { // 描述继承关系
};
【范例代码】继承初体验
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Parent {
int mv;
public:
Parent() {
cout << "Parent()" << endl;
mv = 100;
}
void method() {
cout << "mv = " << mv << endl;
}
};
class Child : public Parent {
public:
void hello() {
cout << "I'm Child calss!" << endl;
}
};
int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
Child c;
c.hello();
c.method();
return 0;
}
重要规则:
- 子类就是一个特殊的父类
- 子类对象可以直接初始化父类对象
- 子类对象可以直接赋值给父类对象
继承的意义
继承是C++中代码复用的重要手段。通过继承,可以获得父类的所有功能,并且可以在子类中重写已有功能,或者添加新功能。【范例代码】继承的强化练习
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Memory {
public:
Memory() {
cout << "Memory()" << endl;
}
~Memory() {
cout << "~Memory()" << endl;
}
};
class Disk {
public:
Disk() {
cout << "Disk()" << endl;
}
~Disk() {
cout << "~Disk()" << endl;
}
};
class CPU {
public:
CPU() {
cout << "CPU()" << endl;
}
~CPU() {
cout << "~CPU()" << endl;
}
};
class MainBoard {
public:
MainBoard() {
cout << "MainBoard()" << endl;
}
~MainBoard() {
cout << "~MainBoard()" << endl;
}
};
class Computer {
Memory mMem;
Disk mDisk;
CPU mCPU;
MainBoard mMainBoard;
public:
Computer() {
cout << "Computer()" << endl;
}
void power() {
cout << "power()" << endl;
}
void reset() {
cout << "reset()" << endl;
}
~Computer() {
cout << "~Computer()" << endl;
}
};
class HPBook : public Computer {
string mOS;
public:
HPBook() {
mOS = "Windows 8";
}
void install(string os) {
mOS = os;
}
void OS() {
cout << mOS << endl;
}
};
class MacBook : public Computer {
public:
void OS() {
cout << "Mac OS" << endl;
}
};
int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
HPBook hp;
hp.power();
hp.install("Ubuntu 16.04 LTS");
hp.OS();
cout << endl;
MacBook mac;
mac.OS();
return 0;
}