电容旁路(bypass)和去耦(decoupling)的区别

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最新推荐文章于 2025-07-21 17:59:29 发布

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分类专栏： Study Note 文章标签：电容去耦旁路

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本文详细介绍了去耦电容和旁路电容在电路中的作用，分析了它们的核心区别和应用场景。去耦电容主要用于隔离AC和DC信号，确保IC获得稳定的DC电源，而旁路电容则侧重于旁路电源线上的噪声到地，以保护系统不受干扰。在设计中，去耦电容通常包括1-100μF和0.01-0.1μF两个电容，旁路电容的选择则依据需要滤除的噪声频率。正确的电容选型和布局对于电路性能至关重要。

简介

电容作为无源器件，经常被应用于各种电子电路中。其中，在电路中，电容经常被用作旁路和去耦两种功能，那么，旁路和去耦到底有什么不同？在实际应用中该如何进行区分其作用？设计时该如何进行选型？PCB设计时有哪些注意的地方呢？本文将针对以上问题进行讨论。

去耦电容（Decoupling capacitor）

1. 去耦电容的分析

去耦电容的核心在于分离（Isolating or decoupling）信号，即将AC 和DC 信号进行分离，最常见的应用是电源（DC Power supply）到负载（Load）之间（如图1），利用电容为AC分离提供回路，使得到达负载基本仅包含DC分量。

有关Decoupling capacitors的英文解释如下，引自参考资料

"Decoupling capacitors are used for decoupling AC signals from DC signals or even vice versa. It mainly isolates or decouples two different circuits. It is also used to isolate a local circuit from an external one.”

https://components101.com/articles/decoupling-capacitor-vs-bypass-capacitors-working-and-applications

2. 去耦电容应用分析

Fig.1 Decoupling capacitor

在如图1的应用中，Load需要从DC POWER获取能量，其中电容的存在，它对直流信号等效于断路（电抗无穷大），所以DC 分量会直接到达Load，而相对于高频AC分量，电容提供了一个到GND的低阻抗回路，从而是的AC 分离经过电容流到GND，实现了AC 和DC 的分离，从而实现去耦的作用，使得到达负载的电源基本为DC 分离。

由此可以引出第二个常用的典型应用（如图2）。

在设计中，通常每一个IC的Power 和GND之间都会放置两个电容，其中一个大约为10uF，另外一个大约为0.1uF。容值偏大一些的电容主要用于滤除低频的交流分量，容值偏小一些的电容通常用于滤除高频的交流分量，所以在做Placement的时候，也通常按照power 先经过大电容，再过小电容的方案，并且尽可能减少整个回路的面积，使得AC和DC尽可能分离，从而使得IC 具有较好的DC 性能。

Fig.2 Application of decoupling capacitor

3. 去耦电容容值选择

设计中，通常会包含两个电容，其中一个用于滤除高频分量，另外一个用于滤除低频分量。对于高频分量去耦电容，通常选择0.01μF 到0.1μF，低频分量去耦电容通常选择1μF到100μF。并且，通常用于低频分量去耦电容的材质选择电解电容，用于去耦高频分量的电容的材质为贴装的陶瓷电容。

旁路电容（Bypass capacitor）

1. 旁路电容的分析

旁路电路的目的在于将不希望的噪声（unwanted noise）旁路到GND，然后确保噪声进入系统。

有关Bypass capacitors的英文解释如下，引自参考资料

The main work of the bypass capacitor is to bypass the unwantednoise or communication to the ground which is generated from the Power line tothe electronic circuit. It can bypass all sorts of noise that appear on the power line and prevent it to enter the main system.

https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-bypass-and-decoupling-capacitor-with-table/

2. 旁路电容应用

旁路电容常见的应用有以下几个方面

1. AC and DC converters
2. In signal coupling and decoupling
3. Be used for producing clear audio between the amplifier and loudspeaker
4. Be used in high pass filter and low pass filter

Fig.3 application of bypass capacitor

3. 旁路电容容值选择

首先需要明确一个原理就是，电流总是希望走低电阻路径，所以为了保证交流信号通过电流留到GND，需要要使得电容的回路具有较低的阻抗，通常，并联的电容的阻抗需要至少小于对应的电阻的阻值的1/10，因此，旁路电容的电容值通常采用以下计算公式进行计算。

旁路电容和去耦电容对比

a. Definition

Bypass capacitor: Bypassing can be defined as the method of adding a path of low-impedance for shunting the transient energy to the ground which is the source. It is a requirement for proper decoupling.

Decoupling capacitor: Decoupling can be defined as the method of breaking coupling that is present in between portions of various systems as well as circuits to ensure that the operation is done properly.

b. Used for

Bypass capacitor: It is used for shunting any unwanted noise signals.

Decoupling capacitor: It smoothens the unwanted noise signals by stabilization of the distorted ones.

c. Value of the capacitors

Bypass capacitor: It is used for shunting any unwanted noise signals.

Decoupling capacitor: For the noise of low frequency, the value should be1 µF to 100 µF and that for high frequency should be 0.01 µF to 0.1 µF.

d. Placement

Bypass capacitor: Bypass Capacitors are placed near the power supply and the power supply pins.

Decoupling capacitor: Decoupling capacitors are placed in between the load or the IC and the power supply.

e. Applications

Bypass capacitor: Used in between a loudspeaker and an amplifier for the production of clear audio.

Decoupling capacitor: It is used mainly in logic circuits.