论文阅读笔记《Surface defect classification of steels with a new semi-supervised learning method》

本文介绍了一种结合卷积自编码器(CAE)和对抗生成网络(GAN)的钢铁表面缺陷检测算法。首先,利用无标签样本训练CAE进行特征提取,然后将CAE的编码器作为GAN的区分器,并添加多分类softmax层,形成一个既能分类也能区分的网络。通过对抗训练提升模型的泛化能力,实现对钢铁表面缺陷的有效检测。
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核心思想

  本文提出一种基于半监督学习的钢铁表面缺陷检测算法(CAE-SGAN),核心思想是将卷积自编码器(CAE)和对抗生成网络(GAN)结合起来,先用无标签样本对CAE进行无监督训练,使CAE具备初步特征提取能力,然后引入一个GAN网络,并把CAE的编码器部分改造成GAN的区分器,使用带有标签的样本对其训练。CAE的结构如下图所示
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  CAE结构还是比较常规,包含编码器和解码器两个部分,主要的改进在于增加了一个直通层(passthrough layer),该结构是来源于YOLOV2的一个设计,将浅层网络的特征图,按照各行各列提取的方式,拆分成4个1/2尺寸的小特征图,然后再与深层网络的特征图级联起来.直通层的结构如下图所示
在这里插入图片描述
  利用无标签的图像和L2重构损失对CAE进行训练,然后将训练完成的编码器取代GAN网络中的区分器(Discriminator)的部分,GAN网络如下图所示
在这里插入图片描述
  不仅如此,还通过增加一个多分类的softmax层,将编码器改造成一个多分类分类器,输出的类别包含N+1个,N表示缺陷分类的类别,1表示该图属于GAN合成的伪造图像还是真实的训练样本图像.也就是说,这个分类器即具备分类的功能,也具备区分器的功能.另一个改进的点就是,在对GAN进行训练的时候,依旧保持重构损失对于CAE的编码解码器训练.整个网络的结构包含:GAN的生成器(输入为随机噪声,输出为伪造的图像)+GAN的区分器(同时也是分类器,参数和结构是来自于CAE的编码器)+CAE的解码器.

实现过程

网络结构

  CAE的编码器结构
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CAE的解码器结构
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GAN的生成器结构
在这里插入图片描述

损失函数

  损失函数也包含了三个部分:分类损失,GAN损失和重构损失
在这里插入图片描述

  上式的前两项表示分类损失,第三项表示GAN辨别器损失,下式表示重构损失
在这里插入图片描述

训练策略

  先用无标签样本对CAE进行训练,再用带有类别标签的样本对GAN和CAE进行联合训练.

创新点

  • 将CAE和GAN两种网络结合起来,形成一种半监督的缺陷检测算法
  • 将训练好的CAE的解码器改造成集分类器与辨别器于一身的多任务模块

算法评价

  该算法充分利用了CAE能够进行无监督训练的特征提取能力,将训练好的编码器改造为分类网络的特征提取部分,再增加一个softmax层就变成一个分类器了.仅仅这样还不够,作者又引入了GAN,利用对抗训练的方式提高算法的泛化能力.

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Experimental and numerical study on detection of sleeve grouting defect with impact-echo method Abstract: The impact-echo method is widely used for the non-destructive testing of concrete structures. However, the detection of sleeve grouting defects with this method remains challenging. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of using the impact-echo method for detecting sleeve grouting defects. A numerical model was also developed to simulate the wave propagation and reflection in the sleeve grouting system. Results show that the impact-echo method can effectively detect sleeve grouting defects with a relatively high accuracy. The numerical simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. The developed numerical model can be used to optimize the impact-echo testing parameters and assist in the interpretation of experimental data. Keywords: impact-echo method; sleeve grouting defect; non-destructive testing; numerical simulation Introduction: Sleeve grouting is widely used in the construction of concrete structures to improve the load-bearing capacity and stability of the structures. However, defects in the sleeve grouting can lead to the failure of the structure, and it is difficult and expensive to repair the defects after the structure is built. Therefore, it is important to develop effective non-destructive testing methods to detect the defects in the sleeve grouting. The impact-echo method is a widely used non-destructive testing method for concrete structures. It is based on the generation and detection of stress waves in the concrete structure using an impact source and a sensor. The method has been successfully used for the detection of various defects in concrete structures, such as cracks, voids, and delamination. However, the detection of sleeve grouting defects with the impact-echo method remains challenging. The sleeve grouting system consists of a steel sleeve, grout, and concrete. The steel sleeve has a higher acoustic impedance than the grout and concrete, which makes it difficult for stress waves to penetrate the steel sleeve and reach the grout and concrete. In addition, the grout and concrete have different material properties, which can lead to multiple reflections and scattering of stress waves. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of using the impact-echo method for detecting sleeve grouting defects. A numerical model was also developed to simulate the wave propagation and reflection in the sleeve grouting system. The objective of this study is to develop an effective non-destructive testing method for sleeve grouting defects, which can be used to improve the safety and reliability of concrete structures. Experimental setup: The experimental setup is shown in Figure 1. The steel sleeve was embedded in the concrete specimen with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 200 mm. The steel sleeve had an outer diameter of 50 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm. The grout was injected into the annular gap between the steel sleeve and the concrete specimen. The grout had a compressive strength of 50 MPa and a density of 2,300 kg/m3. An impact source and a sensor were used to generate and detect stress waves in the concrete specimen. The impact source was a steel ball with a diameter of 16 mm, which was dropped from a height of 50 mm onto the steel sleeve. The sensor was a piezoelectric transducer with a frequency response of 50 kHz to 1 MHz. The sensor was placed on the surface of the concrete specimen opposite to the impact source. Figure 1 Experimental setup Experimental results: The experimental results are shown in Figure 2. The time-domain signals and frequency-domain spectra of the stress waves were analyzed to detect the sleeve grouting defects. The experimental results show that the impact-echo method can effectively detect sleeve grouting defects with a relatively high accuracy. The amplitude and frequency of the stress waves were affected by the presence and location of the defects. Figure 2 Experimental results: (a) time-domain signals; (b) frequency-domain spectra Numerical simulation: A numerical model was developed to simulate the wave propagation and reflection in the sleeve grouting system. The model was based on the finite element method and the acoustic-structure interaction theory. The steel sleeve, grout, and concrete were modeled as three-dimensional solid elements. The impact source and sensor were modeled as point sources and receivers. The numerical simulation results were compared with the experimental results to validate the model. The numerical simulation results were consistent with the experimental results, which indicates that the developed model can be used to optimize the impact-echo testing parameters and assist in the interpretation of experimental data. Conclusion: In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of using the impact-echo method for detecting sleeve grouting defects. A numerical model was also developed to simulate the wave propagation and reflection in the sleeve grouting system. Results show that the impact-echo method can effectively detect sleeve grouting defects with a relatively high accuracy. The numerical simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. The developed numerical model can be used to optimize the impact-echo testing parameters and assist in the interpretation of experimental data.
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