1/cos(x)、1/sin(x)的不定积分推导

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最新推荐文章于 2023-01-12 22:15:04 发布

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1/cos(x) 的不定积分：

$\begin{align*} \int \frac{1}{\cos{x}}dx &=\int \frac{1}{\cos ^{2}\frac{x}{2}-\sin ^{2}\frac{x}{2}}dx\\ &=\int \frac{2}{\cos ^{2}\frac{x}{2}(1-\tan ^{2}\frac{x}{2})}d\frac{x}{2}\\ &=\int \frac{2}{1-\tan ^{2}\frac{x}{2}}d\tan \frac{x}{2}\\ &=\int \frac{2}{(1-\tan \frac{x}{2})(1+\tan \frac{x}{2})}d\tan \frac{x}{2}\\ &=\int \frac{1}{1+\tan\frac{x}{2}} + \frac{1}{1-\tan\frac{x}{2}} d\tan \frac{x}{2}\\ &=\int \frac{1}{1+\tan\frac{x}{2}} d\tan \frac{x}{2} + \int \frac{1}{1-\tan\frac{x}{2}} d\tan \frac{x}{2}\\ &=\int \frac{1}{1+\tan\frac{x}{2}} d(1+\tan \frac{x}{2}) - \int \frac{1}{1-\tan\frac{x}{2}} d(1-\tan \frac{x}{2})\\ &=\ln |1 + \tan \frac{x}{2}| - \ln |1 - \tan \frac{x}{2}| + C\\ &=\ln \left | \frac{1+\tan \frac{x}{2}}{1-\tan \frac{x}{2}} \right | + C\\ &=\ln \left | \frac{\cos \frac{x}{2}+\sin \frac{x}{2}}{\cos \frac{x}{2}-\sin \frac{x}{2}} \right | + C\\ &=\ln \left | \frac{1+\sin x }{\cos x} \right | + C\\ &=\ln \left | \sec x + \tan x \right | + C\\ \end{align*}$

1/sin(x) 的不定积分：

$\begin{align*} \int \frac{1}{\sin{x}}dx &=\int \frac{1}{2\cos\frac{x}{2} \sin\frac{x}{2}}dx\\ &=\int \frac{1}{\cos ^{2}\frac{x}{2} (\tan \frac{x}{2}) }d\frac{x}{2}\\ &=\int \frac{1}{\tan \frac{x}{2}}d\tan \frac{x}{2}\\ &=\ln | \tan \frac{x}{2} | + C\\ &=\ln \left | \frac{\sin \frac{x}{2}}{\cos \frac{x}{2}} \right | + C\\ &=\ln \left | \frac{\sin \frac{x}{2}\sin \frac{x}{2}}{\cos \frac{x}{2}\sin \frac{x}{2}} \right | + C\\ &=\ln \left | \frac{\frac{1}{2}(1-\cos x) }{\frac{1}{2}\sin x} \right | + C\\ &=\ln \left | \frac{1}{\sin x} - \frac{\cos x}{\sin x} \right | + C\\ &=\ln \left | \csc x - \cot x \right | + C\\ \end{align*}$