泛函分析——有界线性算子和函数

1. 线性映射： Let $X$ and $Y$ be linear spaces over the same field $\mathbb{F}$. A linear operator from $X$ into $Y$ is a mapping $T:X\to Y$ such that

$T\left(\alpha x_1+\beta x_2\right)=\alpha T{x}_1+\beta T{x}_2$ for all $x_1,x_2\in X$ and all $\alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb{F}$

2. 线性算子T的值域
   ran ⁡ ( T ) = { y ∈ Y ∣ y = T x  for some  x ∈ X } = T X \operatorname{ran}(T)=\{y \in Y \mid y=T x \text { for some } x \in X\}=T X ran(T)={y∈Y∣y=Tx for some x∈X}=TX

3. 线性算子T的核空间
   N ( T ) = ker ⁡ ( T ) = { x ∈ X : T x = 0 } = T − 1 ( 0 ) \mathcal{N}(T)=\operatorname{ker}(T)=\{x \in X: T x=0\}=T^{-1}(0) N(T)=ker(T)={x∈X:Tx=0}=T−1(0)

4. 赋范线性空间中线性操作算子的有界
   Let $X$ and $Y$ be normed linear spaces over the same field $\mathbb{F}$. A linear operator $T:X\to Y$ is said to be bounded if there exists a constant $M>0$ such that
   $$\Vert Tx\Vert \le M\Vert x\Vert \text{ for all }x\in X.$$

5. 赋范线性空间中线性操作算子的连续
   An operator $T:X\to Y$ is said to be continuous at $x_0\in X$ if given any $ϵ>0$ there is a $\delta >0$ such that
   $$\Vert Tx-T{x}_0\Vert <ϵ\text{ whenever }\Vert x-x_0\Vert <\delta \text{ . }$$
   $T$ is continuous on $X$ if it is continuous at each point of $X$.

6. 算子范数
   Let $X$ and $Y$ be normed linear spaces over the same field $\mathbb{F}$ and let $T\in \mathcal{B}(X,Y)$. The operator norm (or simply norm) of $T,$ denoted by $\Vert T\Vert ,$ is defined as
   ∥ T ∥ = inf ⁡ { M : ∥ T x ∥ ≤ M ∥ x ∥ ,  for all  x ∈ X } \|T\|=\inf \{M:\|T x\| \leq M\|x\|, \quad \text { for all } x \in X\} ∥T∥=inf{M:∥Tx∥≤M∥x∥, for all x∈X}

Since $T$ is bounded, $\Vert T\Vert <\infty$. Furthermore,
$$\Vert Tx\Vert \le \Vert T\Vert \Vert x\Vert \text{ for all }x\in X$$

7. 将算子组合运算，加法乘法运算。
8. 线性函数：A linear operator $f:X\to \mathbb{F}$ is called a linear functional on $X.$
   如果一个线性函数的值域是复数集，那么它就是一个线性函数。