设平面
A
x
+
B
y
+
C
z
+
D
=
0
(
A
2
+
B
2
+
C
2
≠
0
)
Ax+By+Cz +D=0\left(A^2+B^2+C^2\neq 0\right)
Ax+By+Cz+D=0(A2+B2+C2=0),
点
P
(
P
x
,
P
y
,
P
z
)
P(P_x, P_y, P_z)
P(Px,Py,Pz)
(1)求点
P
P
P到平面距离
(2)过点
P
P
P作直线,方向为
(
D
x
,
D
y
,
D
z
)
\left(D_x, D_y, D_z\right)
(Dx,Dy,Dz),求平面与直线交点
(2)过点
P
P
P作射线,方向为
(
D
x
,
D
y
,
D
z
)
\left(D_x, D_y, D_z\right)
(Dx,Dy,Dz),求平面与直线交点
解:
(1)这个高中有学过
∣
A
P
x
+
B
P
y
+
C
P
z
+
D
∣
A
2
+
B
2
+
C
2
\frac{\left|AP_x+BP_y+CP_z +D\right|}{\sqrt{A^2+B^2+C^2}}
A2+B2+C2∣APx+BPy+CPz+D∣
(2)为了方便,平面法向量
n
=
(
A
,
B
,
C
)
\mathbf{n} = \left(A,B,C\right)
n=(A,B,C)
直线方向向量
d
=
(
D
x
,
D
y
,
D
z
)
\mathbf{d} = \left(D_x,D_y,D_z\right)
d=(Dx,Dy,Dz)
直线上的点可以表示为
P
+
t
d
P+t\mathbf{d}
P+td,其中
t
∈
R
t\in \mathbb{R}
t∈R
1.若
n
⋅
d
≠
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}\neq 0
n⋅d=0,则直线和平面有且仅有1个交点
由于
P
+
t
d
P+t\mathbf{d}
P+td在平面上,因此
n
⋅
(
P
+
t
d
)
+
D
=
0
⇒
t
=
−
D
+
n
⋅
P
n
⋅
d
\mathbf{n}\cdot\left(P+t\mathbf{d}\right) +D = 0\Rightarrow t= -\frac{D + \mathbf{n}\cdot P}{\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}}
n⋅(P+td)+D=0⇒t=−n⋅dD+n⋅P
进而交点坐标
P
+
t
d
=
P
−
D
+
n
⋅
P
n
⋅
d
d
=
(
P
x
−
(
A
P
x
+
B
P
y
+
C
P
z
+
D
)
A
D
x
+
B
D
y
+
C
D
z
D
x
P
y
−
(
A
P
x
+
B
P
y
+
C
P
z
+
D
)
A
D
x
+
B
D
y
+
C
D
z
D
y
P
z
−
(
A
P
x
+
B
P
y
+
C
P
z
+
D
)
A
D
x
+
B
D
y
+
C
D
z
D
z
)
\begin{aligned} P+t\mathbf{d} & = P -\frac{D + \mathbf{n}\cdot P}{\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}}\mathbf{d}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix}P_x - \frac{\left(AP_x+BP_y +CP_z+D\right)}{AD_x +BD_y+CD_z}D_x\\ P_y - \frac{\left(AP_x+BP_y +CP_z+D\right)}{AD_x +BD_y+CD_z}D_y\\ P_z - \frac{\left(AP_x+BP_y +CP_z+D\right)}{AD_x +BD_y+CD_z}D_z\\ \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned}
P+td=P−n⋅dD+n⋅Pd=
Px−ADx+BDy+CDz(APx+BPy+CPz+D)DxPy−ADx+BDy+CDz(APx+BPy+CPz+D)DyPz−ADx+BDy+CDz(APx+BPy+CPz+D)Dz
2.若
n
⋅
d
=
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}= 0
n⋅d=0,且
n
⋅
P
+
d
=
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot P +d = 0
n⋅P+d=0,则直线与平面重合
3.若
n
⋅
d
=
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}= 0
n⋅d=0,且
n
⋅
P
+
d
≠
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot P +d \neq 0
n⋅P+d=0,则直线与平面无交点
(3)与(2)类似
射线上的点可以表示为
P
+
t
d
P+t\mathbf{d}
P+td,其中
t
∈
R
+
t\in \mathbb{R}_{+}
t∈R+
依然可以得到
t
=
−
D
+
n
⋅
P
n
⋅
d
t= -\frac{D + \mathbf{n}\cdot P}{\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}}
t=−n⋅dD+n⋅P
1.若
n
⋅
d
≠
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}\neq 0
n⋅d=0且
t
<
0
t<0
t<0则无交点
2.若
n
⋅
d
≠
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}\neq 0
n⋅d=0且
t
≥
0
t\ge0
t≥0,则只有一个交点
P
+
t
d
=
P
−
D
+
n
⋅
P
n
⋅
d
d
=
(
P
x
−
(
A
P
x
+
B
P
y
+
C
P
z
+
D
)
A
D
x
+
B
D
y
+
C
D
z
D
x
P
y
−
(
A
P
x
+
B
P
y
+
C
P
z
+
D
)
A
D
x
+
B
D
y
+
C
D
z
D
y
P
z
−
(
A
P
x
+
B
P
y
+
C
P
z
+
D
)
A
D
x
+
B
D
y
+
C
D
z
D
z
)
\begin{aligned} P+t\mathbf{d} & = P -\frac{D + \mathbf{n}\cdot P}{\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}}\mathbf{d}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix}P_x - \frac{\left(AP_x+BP_y +CP_z+D\right)}{AD_x +BD_y+CD_z}D_x\\ P_y - \frac{\left(AP_x+BP_y +CP_z+D\right)}{AD_x +BD_y+CD_z}D_y\\ P_z - \frac{\left(AP_x+BP_y +CP_z+D\right)}{AD_x +BD_y+CD_z}D_z\\ \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned}
P+td=P−n⋅dD+n⋅Pd=
Px−ADx+BDy+CDz(APx+BPy+CPz+D)DxPy−ADx+BDy+CDz(APx+BPy+CPz+D)DyPz−ADx+BDy+CDz(APx+BPy+CPz+D)Dz
3.若
n
⋅
d
=
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}= 0
n⋅d=0,且
n
⋅
P
+
d
=
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot P +d = 0
n⋅P+d=0,则直线与平面重合
4.若
n
⋅
d
=
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot \mathbf{d}= 0
n⋅d=0,且
n
⋅
P
+
d
≠
0
\mathbf{n}\cdot P +d \neq 0
n⋅P+d=0,则直线与平面无交点