RabbitMQ 入门教程

介绍

RabbitMQ 是一个消息中间件，它实现了 AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) 协议。本教程将带你了解如何使用 RabbitMQ 进行简单的消息发送和接收。

安装与配置

1. 安装 RabbitMQ

- Ubuntu:

```bash

sudo apt update

sudo apt install rabbitmq-server

```

- macOS:

```bash

brew install rabbitmq

```

2. 启动服务

```bash

sudo service rabbitmq-server start

```

3. 配置环境

- 创建用户:

```bash

rabbitmqctl add_user myuser mypass

```

- 设置管理员权限:

```bash

rabbitmqctl set_user_tags myuser administrator

```

- 设置权限:

```bash

rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p / myuser ".*" ".*" ".*"

```

发布/订阅模型

发布/订阅模型允许消息被广播到所有订阅者。

1. 创建生产者

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

message = "Hello, world!"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

2. 创建消费者

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

工作队列

工作队列用于处理任务，确保每个消息被处理一次。

1. 创建生产者

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

message = "A new task"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='task_queue',

body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

delivery_mode = 2, # make message persistent

))

print(" [x] Sent 'A new task'")

connection.close()

```

2. 创建消费者

```python

import pika

import time

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body.decode())

time.sleep(body.count(b'.'))

print(" [x] Done")

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=callback)

channel.start_consuming()

```

路由

路由模式允许根据不同的规则发送消息到不同的队列。

1. 创建生产者

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

severity = "info"

message = "Info: Check plugin x"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))

connection.close()

```

2. 创建消费者

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

severities = ['error', 'warning']

for severity in severities:

queue_name = severity

channel.queue_declare(queue=queue_name)

channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_consume(queue='error', on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

```

主题交换机

主题交换机允许使用通配符来匹配消息。

1. 创建生产者

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

routing_key = 'kern.critical'

message = 'A critical kernel error'

channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs', routing_key=routing_key, body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message))

connection.close()

```

2. 创建消费者

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

binding_keys = ['kern.*', '*.critical']

for binding_key in binding_keys:

channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=binding_key)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()