初等数学常用公式

因式分解(Factorization)

$$\begin{gathered} a^2-b^2=(a+b)(a-b) \\ {a}^2\pm 2ab+b^2=(a\pm b{)}^2 \\ {a}^3+b^3=(a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2) \\ {a}^3-b^3=(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2) \\ {a}^n-b^n=(a-b)\sum _{i=1}^n{a}^{n-i}{b}^{i-1} \end{gathered}$$

一元二次方程

$a{x}^2+bx+c=0(a\ne 0)$

求根公式
$x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm \sqrt{\Delta }}{2a},\Delta =b^2-4ac$

根与系数的关系
$$\begin{gathered} x_1+x_2=-\frac{b}{a} \\ {x}_1{x}_2=\frac{c}{a} \end{gathered}$$

指数与对数

$a^n\cdot a^m=a^{n+m}$
$a^n/a^m=a^{n-m}$
$(a^n{)}^m=a^{mn}$
$(ab{)}^n=a^n\cdot b^n$
$a^{-n}=\frac{1}{a^n}$

${\log }_{a}1=0$
${\log }_{a}x=\frac{\ln x}{\ln a}$ (换底公式)
${\log }_{a}xy={\log }_{a}x+{\log }_{a}y$
${\log }_a\frac{x}{y}={\log }_{a}x-{\log }_{a}y$
${\log }_a{x}^y=y{\log }_{a}x$

$x=e^{\ln x}$

三角恒等式(Trigonometric Identity)

平方关系
${\sin }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\alpha =1$

两角和差
$$\begin{gathered} \cos (\alpha \pm \beta )=\cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta \\ \sin (\alpha \pm \beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta \\ \tan (\alpha \pm \beta )=\frac{\tan \alpha \pm \tan \beta }{1\mp \tan \alpha \tan \beta } \end{gathered}$$

和差化积
$$\begin{gathered} \sin \alpha +\sin \beta =2\sin \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \sin \alpha -\sin \beta =2\cos \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \cos \alpha +\cos \beta =2\cos \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \cos \alpha -\cos \beta =-2\sin \frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \tan \alpha +\tan \beta =\frac{\sin (\alpha +\beta )}{\cos \alpha \cos \beta } \end{gathered}$$

积化和差
$$\begin{gathered} \sin \alpha \cos \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha +\beta )+\sin (\alpha -\beta )] \\ \cos \alpha \sin \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha +\beta )-\sin (\alpha -\beta )] \\ \cos \alpha \cos \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha +\beta )+\cos (\alpha -\beta )] \\ \sin \alpha \sin \beta =-\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha +\beta )-\cos (\alpha -\beta )] \end{gathered}$$

倍角公式
$$\begin{gathered} \sin 2\alpha =2\sin \alpha \cos \alpha =\frac{2}{\tan \alpha +\cot \alpha } \\ \cos 2\alpha ={\cos }^2\alpha -{\sin }^2\alpha \\ \tan 2\alpha =\frac{2\tan \alpha }{1-{\tan }^2\alpha } \\ \cot 2\alpha =\frac{{\cot }^2\alpha -1}{2\cot \alpha } \\ \sin 3\alpha =3\sin \alpha -4{\sin }^3\alpha \\ \cos 3\alpha =4{\cos }^3\alpha -3\cos \alpha \\ \tan 3\alpha =\frac{3\tan \alpha -{\tan }^3\alpha }{1-3{\tan }^2\alpha } \\ \cot 3\alpha =\frac{{\cot }^3\alpha -3\cot \alpha }{3\cot \alpha -1} \end{gathered}$$

半角公式 （正负由$\frac{\alpha }{2}$所在的象限决定）
$$\begin{gathered} \sin \frac{\alpha }{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{2}} \\ \cos \frac{\alpha }{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos \alpha }{2}} \\ \tan \frac{\alpha }{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{1+\cos \alpha }}=\frac{\sin \alpha }{1+\cos \alpha }=\frac{1-\cos \alpha }{\sin \alpha } \\ \cot \frac{\alpha }{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos \alpha }{1-\cos \alpha }}=\frac{1+\cos \alpha }{\sin \alpha }=\frac{\sin \alpha }{1-\cot \alpha } \end{gathered}$$

辅助角公式
$$\begin{gathered} a\sin \alpha +b\cos \alpha =\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\sin (\alpha +\arctan \frac{b}{a}) \\ a\sin \alpha +b\cos \alpha =\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\cos (\alpha -\arctan \frac{a}{b}) \end{gathered}$$

万能公式
$$\begin{gathered} \sin \alpha =\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{1+{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}} \\ \cos \alpha =\frac{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}{1+{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}} \\ \tan \alpha =\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}} \end{gathered}$$

降幂公式
$$\begin{gathered} {\sin }^2\alpha =\frac{1}{2}(1-\cos 2\alpha ) \\ {\cos }^2\alpha =\frac{1}{2}(1+\cos 2\alpha ) \\ {\tan }^2\alpha =\frac{1-\cos 2\alpha }{1+\cos 2\alpha } \end{gathered}$$

正弦定理(R为外接圆半径)
$\frac{a}{\sin A}=\frac{b}{\sin B}=\frac{c}{\sin C}=2R$

余弦定理
$c^2=a^2+b^2-2ab\cos C$

数列(Series)

等差数列
通项公式：$a_n=a_1+(n-1)d$
求和公式：$S_n=\frac{n(a_1+a_n)}{2}$

等比数列
通项公式：$a_n=a_1{q}^{n-1}(a_n\ne 0,q\ne 0)$
求和公式：$S_n=\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{a_1(1-q^n)}{1-q}& \text{if }q\ne 1\\ n{a}_1& \text{if }q=1\end{array}$

排列和组合(Arrangement and Combination)

阶乘：$n!=1\times 2\times \cdots (n-2)(n-1)n$
排列：$A_n^m=\frac{n!}{(n-m)!}$
组合：${\complement }_n^m=\frac{A_n^m}{m!}=\frac{n!}{m!(n-m)!}$