R语言＜-和=赋值的区别-实验

R系统版本

version

               _                           
platform       x86_64-pc-linux-gnu         
arch           x86_64                      
os             linux-gnu                   
system         x86_64, linux-gnu           
status                                     
major          4                           
minor          1.1                         
year           2021                        
month          08                          
day            10                          
svn rev        80725                       
language       R                           
version.string R version 4.1.1 (2021-08-10)
nickname       Kick Things                 

已设置的全局变量

ls()

载入pryr库，包含address()函数

library(pryr)

验证 <- 赋值效果

a <- 1

b <- 1

address(a)

‘0x55cc4a3d5948’

address(b)

‘0x55cc4792dfb8’

ls()

1. 'a'
2. 'b'

b <- a

address(a)

‘0x55cc4a3d5948’

address(b)

‘0x55cc4a3d5948’

b <- 1

address(a)

‘0x55cc4a3d5948’

address(b)

‘0x55cc49d3b060’

b <- 1

address(a)

‘0x55cc4a3d5948’

address(b)

‘0x55cc490a7f98’

验证=，发现其效果和<-一样

x = 1

y = 1

address(x)

‘0x55cc4a5c86b0’

address(y)

‘0x55cc45bd0358’

ls()

1. 'a'
2. 'b'
3. 'x'
4. 'y'

y = x

address(x)

‘0x55cc4a5c86b0’

address(y)

‘0x55cc4a5c86b0’

y = 1

address(x)

‘0x55cc4a5c86b0’

address(y)

‘0x55cc493c1d40’

y = 1

address(x)

‘0x55cc4a5c86b0’

address(y)

‘0x55cc48911230’

交叉验证<-和=

p <- 1

q = p

address(p)

‘0x55cc4782fdd8’

address(q)

‘0x55cc4782fdd8’

m = 1

n <- m

address(m)

‘0x55cc49f89410’

address(n)

‘0x55cc49f89410’

验证复杂对象是否遵循上述现象

t <- c(1:10)

u <- c(1:100)

address(t)

‘0x55cc4a877e98’

address(u)

‘0x55cc46ed4d10’

u <- t

address(t)

‘0x55cc4a877e98’

address(u)

‘0x55cc4a877e98’

u = t

address(t)

‘0x55cc4a877e98’

address(u)

‘0x55cc4a877e98’

验证使用<-赋值的copy-on-modify

h <- c(1:10)

j <- h

address(h)

‘0x55cc49e3ee38’

address(j)

‘0x55cc49e3ee38’

h[2] <- 5

address(h)

‘0x55cc47fa82f8’

address(j)

‘0x55cc49e3ee38’

h[3] <- 6

address(h)

‘0x55cc47fa82f8’

address(j)

‘0x55cc49e3ee38’

验证使用=赋值的copy-on-modify

k = c(1:100)

l = k

address(k)

‘0x55cc48a24b10’

address(l)

‘0x55cc48a24b10’

k[2] = 50

address(k)

‘0x55cc493eaa80’

address(l)

‘0x55cc48a24b10’

k[3] = 24

address(k)

‘0x55cc493eaa80’

address(l)

‘0x55cc48a24b10’

验证混合使用<-和=赋值的copy-on-modify

o = c(1:20)

p = o

address(o)

‘0x55cc48ef0ae8’

address(p)

‘0x55cc48ef0ae8’

o[2] <- 56

address(o)

‘0x55cc45a23950’

address(p)

‘0x55cc48ef0ae8’

o[5] <- 34

address(o)

‘0x55cc45a23950’

address(p)

‘0x55cc48ef0ae8’

验证向量的内存布局

w = c(1:4)

address(w)

‘0x55cc48448918’

address(w[1])

Error: x must be the name of an object
Traceback:


1. address(w[1])

2. address2(check_name(substitute(x)), parent.frame())

3. check_name(substitute(x))

4. stop("x must be the name of an object", call. = FALSE)

e <- w[1]

address(e)

‘0x55cc494a9f08’

e <- w[2]

address(e)

‘0x55cc4a684000’

使用<-和=为函数传参的区别

fun <- function(s=11,d=22){
    print(s)
    print(d)
}

fun(d=20,s=10)

[1] 10
[1] 20

s

Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 's' not found
Traceback:

d

Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 'd' not found
Traceback:

fun(d <- 20,s <- 10)

[1] 20
[1] 10

s

10

d

20

---

总结

• <- 和 = 在赋值行为上，没有区别，在函数关键字传参上，只能用 = 。
• 根据《R编程艺术》，R的变量类似于C语言的指针，其仅存储R对象(包括简单对象和复杂对象)的 地址 ，并且存在叫做 copy on modify 的机制。