1、弱场近似
弱引力场下的度规为:
g
μ
ν
=
η
μ
ν
+
h
μ
ν
,
∣
h
μ
ν
∣
≪
1
g_{\mu\nu}=\eta_{\mu\nu}+h_{\mu\nu},\ |h_{\mu\nu}|\ll 1
gμν=ημν+hμν, ∣hμν∣≪1
在线性近似理论中,只保留
h
μ
ν
h_{\mu\nu}
hμν的张量项,张量的指标升降借助于
η
μ
ν
\eta_{\mu\nu}
ημν和
η
μ
ν
\eta^{\mu\nu}
ημν
由此,联络写为:
Γ
α
β
μ
=
1
2
η
μ
ν
(
h
α
ν
,
β
+
h
β
ν
,
α
−
h
α
β
,
ν
)
≡
1
2
(
h
μ
α
,
β
+
h
μ
β
,
α
−
h
α
β
,
μ
)
\Gamma^\mu_{\alpha\beta}=\frac{1}{2}\eta^{\mu\nu}(h_{\alpha\nu,\beta}+h_{\beta\nu,\alpha}-h_{\alpha\beta,\nu})\equiv\frac{1}{2}({h^\mu}_{\alpha,\beta}+{h^\mu}_{\beta,\alpha}-{h_{\alpha\beta}}^{,\mu})
Γαβμ=21ημν(hαν,β+hβν,α−hαβ,ν)≡21(hμα,β+hμβ,α−hαβ,μ)
Ricci张量写为:
R
μ
ν
≡
R
α
μ
ν
α
=
Γ
μ
α
,
ν
α
−
Γ
μ
ν
,
α
α
+
Γ
β
ν
α
Γ
μ
α
β
−
Γ
β
α
α
Γ
μ
ν
β
=
Γ
μ
α
,
ν
α
−
Γ
μ
ν
,
α
α
+
O
(
h
2
)
=
1
2
(
h
μ
ν
,
α
,
α
+
h
,
μ
,
ν
−
h
μ
α
,
ν
,
α
−
h
ν
α
,
μ
,
α
)
\begin{aligned} R_{\mu\nu}\equiv {R^\alpha}_{\mu\nu\alpha}&=\Gamma^\alpha_{\mu\alpha,\nu}-\Gamma^\alpha_{\mu\nu,\alpha}+\Gamma^\alpha_{\beta\nu}\Gamma^\beta_{\mu\alpha}-\Gamma^\alpha_{\beta\alpha}\Gamma^\beta_{\mu\nu}\\ &=\Gamma^\alpha_{\mu\alpha,\nu}-\Gamma^\alpha_{\mu\nu,\alpha}+O(h^2)\\ &=\frac{1}{2}({h_{\mu\nu,\alpha}}^{,\alpha}+h_{,\mu,\nu}-{{h_\mu}^\alpha}_{,\nu,\alpha}-{{h_\nu}^\alpha}_{,\mu,\alpha}) \end{aligned}
Rμν≡Rαμνα=Γμα,να−Γμν,αα+ΓβναΓμαβ−ΓβααΓμνβ=Γμα,να−Γμν,αα+O(h2)=21(hμν,α,α+h,μ,ν−hμα,ν,α−hνα,μ,α)
其中,
h
≡
h
α
α
=
η
α
β
h
α
β
h\equiv {h^\alpha}_\alpha=\eta^{\alpha\beta}h_{\alpha\beta}
h≡hαα=ηαβhαβ,对
R
μ
ν
R_{\mu\nu}
Rμν进行坐标升降:
R
=
η
μ
ν
R
μ
ν
=
h
,
α
,
α
−
h
α
β
,
α
,
β
R=\eta^{\mu\nu}R_{\mu\nu}={h_{,\alpha}}^{,\alpha}-{h_{\alpha\beta}}^{,\alpha,\beta}
R=ημνRμν=h,α,α−hαβ,α,β
因此,原本的爱因斯坦场方程可以写为:
1
2
{
h
μ
ν
,
α
,
α
+
h
,
μ
,
ν
−
h
μ
α
,
ν
,
α
−
h
ν
α
,
μ
,
α
−
η
μ
ν
(
h
,
β
,
β
−
h
α
β
,
α
,
β
)
}
=
−
8
π
G
T
μ
ν
\frac{1}{2}\{{h_{\mu\nu,\alpha}}^{,\alpha}+h_{,\mu,\nu}-{{h_\mu}^\alpha}_{,\nu,\alpha}-{{h_\nu}^\alpha}_{,\mu,\alpha}-\eta_{\mu\nu}({h_{,\beta}}^{,\beta}-{h_{\alpha\beta}}^{,\alpha,\beta})\}=-8\pi G T_{\mu\nu}
21{hμν,α,α+h,μ,ν−hμα,ν,α−hνα,μ,α−ημν(h,β,β−hαβ,α,β)}=−8πGTμν
定义
h
ˉ
μ
ν
≡
h
μ
ν
−
1
2
η
μ
ν
h
\bar h_{\mu\nu}\equiv h_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}\eta_{\mu\nu}h
hˉμν≡hμν−21ημνh,所以有:
h
ˉ
=
h
−
1
2
δ
μ
μ
h
=
−
h
⇔
h
μ
ν
=
h
ˉ
μ
ν
+
1
2
η
μ
ν
h
=
h
ˉ
μ
ν
−
1
2
η
μ
ν
h
ˉ
h
ˉ
ˉ
μ
ν
=
h
ˉ
μ
ν
−
1
2
η
μ
ν
h
ˉ
=
(
h
μ
ν
−
1
2
η
μ
ν
h
)
−
1
2
η
μ
ν
(
−
h
)
=
h
μ
ν
\bar h=h-\frac{1}{2}\delta^\mu_\mu h=-h \Leftrightarrow h_{\mu\nu}=\bar h_{\mu\nu}+\frac{1}{2}\eta_{\mu\nu}h=\bar h_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}\eta_{\mu\nu}\bar h\\ \bar{\bar h}_{\mu\nu}=\bar h_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}\eta_{\mu\nu}\bar h=(h_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}\eta_{\mu\nu}h)-\frac{1}{2}\eta_{\mu\nu}(-h)=h_{\mu\nu}
hˉ=h−21δμμh=−h⇔hμν=hˉμν+21ημνh=hˉμν−21ημνhˉhˉˉμν=hˉμν−21ημνhˉ=(hμν−21ημνh)−21ημν(−h)=hμν
因此,爱因斯坦场方程变为:
1
2
{
h
ˉ
μ
ν
,
α
,
α
+
η
μ
ν
h
ˉ
α
β
,
α
β
−
h
ˉ
μ
α
,
ν
,
α
−
h
ˉ
ν
α
,
μ
,
α
}
=
−
8
π
G
T
μ
ν
\frac{1}{2}\{{\bar h_{\mu\nu,\alpha}}^{,\alpha}+\eta_{\mu\nu}{\bar h_{\alpha\beta}}^{,\alpha\,\beta}-{{\bar h_{\mu\alpha\ ,\nu}^{\ \ \ \ ,\alpha}}}-{{\bar h_{\nu\alpha\ ,\mu}^{\ \ \ \ ,\alpha}}} \}=-8\pi G T_{\mu\nu}
21{hˉμν,α,α+ημνhˉαβ,αβ−hˉμα ,ν ,α−hˉνα ,μ ,α}=−8πGTμν
再根据谐和坐标条件:
η
α
β
Γ
α
β
μ
=
0
⇒
h
ˉ
,
α
μ
α
=
0
\eta^{\alpha\beta}\Gamma^\mu_{\alpha\beta}=0\Rightarrow \bar h^{\mu\alpha}_{\ \ \ ,\alpha}=0
ηαβΓαβμ=0⇒hˉ ,αμα=0
得知场方程左侧的后三项都为零,由此得到新的场方程:
h
ˉ
μ
ν
,
α
,
α
=
−
16
π
G
T
μ
ν
{\bar h_{\mu\nu,\alpha}}^{,\alpha}=-16\pi G T_{\mu\nu}
hˉμν,α,α=−16πGTμν
度规为:
g
μ
ν
=
η
μ
ν
+
h
μ
ν
=
η
μ
ν
+
h
ˉ
μ
ν
−
1
2
η
μ
ν
h
ˉ
g_{\mu\nu}=\eta_{\mu\nu}+h_{\mu\nu}=\eta_{\mu\nu}+\bar h_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}\eta_{\mu\nu}\bar h
gμν=ημν+hμν=ημν+hˉμν−21ημνhˉ
2、引力波
电磁波
在电动力学中,电磁波的运动方程为:
□
2
A
α
=
−
J
α
\square^2 A_\alpha=-J_\alpha
□2Aα=−Jα
相应洛伦兹规范为:
A
α
,
α
=
0
{A^\alpha}_{,\alpha}=0
Aα,α=0
当电磁波在无源的空间中传播时,
J
α
=
0
J_\alpha=0
Jα=0,此时:
□
2
A
α
=
0
⇒
A
α
=
ϵ
α
e
i
k
μ
x
μ
\square^2 A_\alpha=0\Rightarrow A_\alpha=\epsilon_\alpha e^{ik_\mu x^\mu}
□2Aα=0⇒Aα=ϵαeikμxμ
其中
ϵ
α
\epsilon_\alpha
ϵα是极化矢量,波矢
k
2
=
η
μ
ν
k
μ
k
ν
=
0
k^2=\eta^{\mu\nu}k_\mu k_\nu=0
k2=ημνkμkν=0,由洛仑兹规范得到:
k
μ
ϵ
μ
=
0
→
k
0
ϵ
0
+
k
i
ϵ
i
=
0
(1)
k^\mu\epsilon_\mu = 0\rightarrow k^0\epsilon_0+k^i \epsilon_i=0\tag{1}
kμϵμ=0→k0ϵ0+kiϵi=0(1)
在进行下述坐标变换时,电磁场分量和洛仑兹规范均不会被破坏:
{
ϵ
i
→
ϵ
i
′
=
ϵ
i
+
α
k
i
ϵ
0
→
ϵ
0
′
=
ϵ
0
−
α
k
i
k
i
/
k
0
\left\{\begin{aligned} &\epsilon_i\rightarrow \epsilon_i'=\epsilon_i+\alpha k_i\\ &\epsilon_0\rightarrow \epsilon_0'=\epsilon_0-\alpha k_i k^i /k_0 \end{aligned}\right.
{ϵi→ϵi′=ϵi+αkiϵ0→ϵ0′=ϵ0−αkiki/k0
说明这里的洛伦兹规范没有完全固定所有的自由度,剩下了一些“残余的自由度”。在规定
A
⃗
\vec A
A只有横向部分,即
k
i
ϵ
i
=
0
k^i\epsilon_i=0
kiϵi=0时,电磁波就只有了两个极化方向(垂直于传播方向的两个方向)。例如,沿
z
z
z轴传播的波,两个极化方向分别是
x
x
x和
y
y
y,
ϵ
i
\epsilon_i
ϵi只有
ϵ
x
\epsilon_x
ϵx和
ϵ
y
\epsilon_y
ϵy这两个非零量,
ϵ
0
\epsilon_0
ϵ0由(1)式决定
k i ϵ i = 0 k^i\epsilon_i=0 kiϵi=0的这部分等价于 ϵ i ⊥ k i \epsilon_i\perp k_i ϵi⊥ki
引力波
弱场近似下的场方程为:
h
ˉ
μ
ν
,
α
,
α
=
−
16
π
G
T
μ
ν
{\bar h_{\mu\nu,\alpha}}^{,\alpha}=-16\pi G T_{\mu\nu}
hˉμν,α,α=−16πGTμν
谐和规范条件为:
h
ˉ
μ
α
,
α
=
0
{\bar h^{\mu\alpha}}_{,\alpha}=0
hˉμα,α=0
引力波在真空中传播时,
T
μ
ν
=
0
T_{\mu\nu}=0
Tμν=0,由场方程可以得到:
h
ˉ
μ
ν
,
α
,
α
=
0
{\bar h_{\mu\nu,\alpha}}^{,\alpha}=0
hˉμν,α,α=0
其解为:
h
ˉ
μ
ν
=
C
μ
ν
e
i
k
σ
x
σ
(
对
于
单
色
波
)
\bar h_{\mu\nu}=C_{\mu\nu}e^{ik_\sigma x^\sigma}(对于单色波)
hˉμν=Cμνeikσxσ(对于单色波)
其中,
C
μ
ν
C_{\mu\nu}
Cμν是常数,对称的(0,2)阶常量。
k
σ
k^\sigma
kσ是四维波矢,满足
k
σ
k
σ
=
0
k^\sigma k_\sigma=0
kσkσ=0,即引力波沿光速传播
通常记 k σ = ( ω , k 1 , k 2 , k 3 ) k^\sigma=(\omega,\ k^1,\ k^2,\ k^3) kσ=(ω, k1, k2, k3),由 k σ k σ = 0 k^\sigma k_\sigma=0 kσkσ=0,得知 ω 2 = δ i j k i k j \omega^2=\delta_{ij}k^i k^j ω2=δijkikj
将刚才得到的解代入到谐和规范条件中,可以得到:
k
μ
C
μ
ν
=
0
k_\mu C^{\mu\nu}=0
kμCμν=0
即
C
μ
ν
C_{\mu\nu}
Cμν与
k
μ
k_\mu
kμ垂直,算是四个约束条件。由此,
C
μ
ν
C_{\mu\nu}
Cμν的独立分量从10个减小到6个
和电动力学的情况相似,这里虽然采取了谐和规范,但也还有残余的自由度
考虑坐标变换:
x
μ
→
x
′
μ
=
x
μ
+
ξ
μ
x^\mu\rightarrow x'^\mu=x^\mu+\xi^\mu
xμ→x′μ=xμ+ξμ
以及谐和规范的另一种形式:
□
2
x
μ
=
0
\square^2 x^\mu = 0
□2xμ=0
因此在坐标变换时,只要选择
ξ
μ
\xi^\mu
ξμ,使得
□
2
ξ
2
=
0
\square^2 \xi^2=0
□2ξ2=0(通解为
ξ
μ
=
B
μ
e
i
k
σ
x
σ
\xi_\mu=B_\mu e^{ik_\sigma x^\sigma}
ξμ=Bμeikσxσ),就可以使得此坐标变换满足谐和规范。即:对某个解
h
μ
ν
(
x
α
)
h_{\mu\nu}(x^\alpha)
hμν(xα)做变换后,得到的
h
μ
ν
(
x
′
α
)
h_{\mu\nu}(x'^\alpha)
hμν(x′α)仍然是解,这是四个自由度
在坐标变换下,度规张量的变换为:
h
μ
ν
′
=
h
μ
ν
−
ξ
μ
,
ν
−
ξ
ν
,
μ
h
ˉ
μ
ν
′
=
h
ˉ
μ
ν
−
ξ
μ
,
ν
−
ξ
ν
,
μ
+
η
μ
ν
ξ
,
λ
λ
h'_{\mu\nu}=h_{\mu\nu}-\xi_{\mu,\nu}-\xi_{\nu,\mu}\\ \bar h'_{\mu\nu}=\bar h_{\mu\nu}-\xi_{\mu,\nu}-\xi_{\nu,\mu}+\eta_{\mu\nu}\xi^\lambda_{\ ,\lambda}
hμν′=hμν−ξμ,ν−ξν,μhˉμν′=hˉμν−ξμ,ν−ξν,μ+ημνξ ,λλ
假定选择
ξ
μ
(
x
)
=
B
μ
e
i
k
σ
x
σ
\xi_\mu(x)=B_\mu e^{ik_\sigma x^\sigma}
ξμ(x)=Bμeikσxσ,则由上式可以给出:
h
ˉ
μ
ν
′
(
x
)
=
C
μ
ν
′
exp
[
i
k
σ
x
σ
]
\bar h'_{\mu\nu}(x)=C'_{\mu\nu}\exp[ik_\sigma x^\sigma]
hˉμν′(x)=Cμν′exp[ikσxσ]
其中:
C
μ
ν
′
=
C
μ
ν
−
i
k
μ
B
ν
−
i
k
ν
B
μ
+
i
η
μ
ν
k
λ
B
λ
C'_{\mu\nu}=C_{\mu\nu}-ik_\mu B_\nu-ik_\nu B_\mu+i\eta_{\mu\nu}k_\lambda B^\lambda
Cμν′=Cμν−ikμBν−ikνBμ+iημνkλBλ
对四个参量
B
μ
B_\mu
Bμ的任意值,
C
μ
ν
′
C'_{\mu\nu}
Cμν′和
C
μ
ν
C_{\mu\nu}
Cμν代表同样的物理,因此
C
μ
ν
C_{\mu\nu}
Cμν的独立分量个数只有两个(6个里面再减去4个)
横向无迹规范(TT规范)
利用这些自由度,可以使得在坐标
x
′
μ
x'^\mu
x′μ中让
C
μ
ν
C_{\mu\nu}
Cμν满足条件:
{
C
′
μ
μ
=
0
C
0
ν
′
=
0
\left\{\begin{aligned} &{C'^\mu}_\mu=0\\ &C'_{0\nu}=0 \end{aligned}\right.
{C′μμ=0C0ν′=0
只要选择了这两个条件,就可以完全确定这些规范自由度
ξ
μ
\xi^\mu
ξμ
说明:
(1)TT规范包含以下三个部分:
C
μ
μ
=
0
,
C
0
ν
=
0
,
h
ˉ
μ
α
,
α
=
0
⇒
k
μ
C
μ
ν
=
0
{C^\mu}_\mu=0,\ C_{0\nu}=0,\ {{\bar h}^\mu}_{\alpha,\alpha}=0\Rightarrow k_\mu C^{\mu\nu}=0
Cμμ=0, C0ν=0, hˉμα,α=0⇒kμCμν=0
(2)TT规范条件与场方程并非完全独立
(3)对于任意的引力波
h
k
l
h_{kl}
hkl,利用公式:
h
ˉ
i
j
T
T
=
Λ
i
j
,
k
l
h
ˉ
k
l
\bar h_{ij}^{TT}=\Lambda_{ij,kl}\bar h_{kl}
hˉijTT=Λij,klhˉkl
将其变换到TT规范下。其中:
Λ
i
j
,
k
l
(
n
^
)
=
P
i
k
P
j
l
−
1
2
P
i
j
P
k
l
P
i
j
(
n
^
)
=
δ
i
j
−
n
i
n
j
\Lambda_{ij,kl}(\hat n)=P_{ik}P_{jl}-\frac{1}{2}P_{ij}P_{kl}\\ P_{ij}(\hat n)=\delta_{ij}-n_i n_j
Λij,kl(n^)=PikPjl−21PijPklPij(n^)=δij−ninj
n
⃗
\vec n
n为引力波传播的方向
Λ
i
j
,
k
l
(
n
^
)
=
δ
i
k
δ
j
l
−
1
2
δ
i
j
δ
k
l
−
n
j
n
l
δ
i
k
−
n
i
n
k
δ
j
l
+
1
2
n
k
n
l
δ
i
j
+
1
2
n
i
n
j
δ
k
l
+
1
2
n
i
n
j
n
k
n
l
\Lambda_{ij,kl}(\hat n)=\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl}-\frac{1}{2}\delta_{ij}\delta_{kl}-n_j n_l \delta_{ik}-n_i n_k\delta_{jl}+\frac{1}{2}n_k n_l \delta_{ij}+\frac{1}{2}n_i n_j \delta_{kl}+\frac{1}{2}n_i n_j n_k n_l
Λij,kl(n^)=δikδjl−21δijδkl−njnlδik−ninkδjl+21nknlδij+21ninjδkl+21ninjnknl
举例:对于沿
z
z
z方向传播的引力波:
k
μ
=
(
ω
,
0
,
0
,
k
3
)
=
(
ω
,
0
,
0
,
ω
)
k^\mu = (\omega,0,0,k^3)=(\omega,0,0,\omega)
kμ=(ω,0,0,k3)=(ω,0,0,ω)
第二步用到了
k
μ
k
μ
=
0
k^\mu k_\mu=0
kμkμ=0利用关系:
k
μ
C
μ
ν
=
0
,
C
0
ν
=
0
⇒
C
3
ν
=
0
k^\mu C_{\mu\nu}=0,\ C_{0\nu}=0\Rightarrow C_{3\nu}=0
kμCμν=0, C0ν=0⇒C3ν=0
由此,极化张量简化为:
C
μ
ν
=
(
0
0
0
0
0
C
11
C
12
0
0
C
12
−
C
11
0
0
0
0
0
)
C_{\mu\nu}=\left(\begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & C_{11} & C_{12} & 0\\ 0 & C_{12} & -C_{11} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right)
Cμν=⎝⎜⎜⎛00000C11C1200C12−C1100000⎠⎟⎟⎞
定义下述两个极化张量:
C
μ
ν
(
1
)
=
(
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
−
1
0
0
0
0
0
)
,
C
μ
ν
(
2
)
=
(
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
)
C_{\mu\nu}^{(1)}=\left(\begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & -1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right) ,\ C_{\mu\nu}^{(2)}=\left(\begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right)
Cμν(1)=⎝⎜⎜⎛0000010000−100000⎠⎟⎟⎞, Cμν(2)=⎝⎜⎜⎛0000001001000000⎠⎟⎟⎞
则
C
μ
ν
=
A
1
C
μ
ν
(
1
)
+
A
2
C
μ
ν
(
2
)
C_{\mu\nu}=A_1 C_{\mu\nu}^{(1)}+A_2 C_{\mu\nu}^{(2)}
Cμν=A1Cμν(1)+A2Cμν(2)
定义
C
μ
ν
±
≡
C
μ
ν
(
1
)
±
i
C
μ
ν
(
2
)
C^{\pm}_{\mu\nu}\equiv C_{\mu\nu}^{(1)}\pm iC_{\mu\nu}^{(2)}
Cμν±≡Cμν(1)±iCμν(2),则在坐标变换
x
′
μ
=
Λ
μ
ν
x
μ
x'^\mu={\Lambda^\mu}_\nu x^\mu
x′μ=Λμνxμ下(坐标系绕
z
z
z轴旋转
θ
\theta
θ角度),有:
C
μ
ν
′
=
Λ
μ
α
Λ
ν
β
C
α
β
⇒
C
μ
ν
′
±
=
exp
(
±
2
i
θ
)
C
μ
ν
±
C'_{\mu\nu}={\Lambda_{\mu}}^\alpha {\Lambda_{\nu}}^\beta C_{\alpha\beta}\Rightarrow C'^{\pm}_{\mu\nu}=\exp(\pm 2i\theta)C^\pm_{\mu\nu}
Cμν′=ΛμαΛνβCαβ⇒Cμν′±=exp(±2iθ)Cμν±
其中:
Λ
μ
ν
=
(
1
0
0
0
0
cos
θ
sin
θ
0
0
−
sin
θ
cos
θ
0
0
0
0
1
)
{\Lambda^\mu}_\nu=\left(\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \cos\theta & \sin\theta & 0\\ 0 & -\sin\theta & \cos\theta & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right)
Λμν=⎝⎜⎜⎛10000cosθ−sinθ00sinθcosθ00001⎠⎟⎟⎞
注意到当
θ
=
0
,
π
,
2
π
,
3
π
,
⋯
\theta=0,\pi,2\pi,3\pi,\cdots
θ=0,π,2π,3π,⋯时,
C
μ
ν
′
±
=
C
μ
ν
±
C'^\pm_{\mu\nu}=C^\pm_{\mu\nu}
Cμν′±=Cμν±,因此,引力子的自旋为2
(
□
2
+
m
2
)
ϕ
=
0
(\square^2+m^2)\phi=0
(□2+m2)ϕ=0
当
m
=
0
m=0
m=0时,
□
2
ϕ
=
0
\square^2\phi=0
□2ϕ=0。引力波的传播方程为
h
ˉ
μ
ν
,
α
,
α
=
0
{\bar h_{\mu\nu,\alpha}}^{,\alpha}=0
hˉμν,α,α=0,因此引力子的质量为零
3、引力波的观测效应
单粒子观测效应
考察单个粒子在引力场中的运动,其轨迹是测地线:
d
2
x
d
τ
2
+
Γ
λ
σ
μ
d
x
λ
d
τ
d
x
σ
d
τ
=
0
\frac{d^2x}{d\tau^2}+\Gamma^\mu_{\lambda\sigma}\frac{dx^\lambda}{d\tau}\frac{dx^\sigma}{d\tau}=0
dτ2d2x+Γλσμdτdxλdτdxσ=0
在相对粒子瞬时静止的参考系中,粒子速度为零:
d
x
λ
d
τ
≡
U
λ
=
(
1
,
0
,
0
,
0
)
\frac{dx^\lambda}{d\tau}\equiv U^\lambda =(1,0,0,0)
dτdxλ≡Uλ=(1,0,0,0)
测地线方程变为:
d
2
x
d
τ
2
+
Γ
00
μ
=
0
\frac{d^2 x}{d\tau^2}+\Gamma^\mu_{00}=0
dτ2d2x+Γ00μ=0
而对于联络:
Γ
00
μ
=
1
2
η
μ
ν
(
h
0
ν
,
0
+
h
0
ν
,
0
−
h
00
,
ν
)
\Gamma^\mu_{00}=\frac{1}{2}\eta^{\mu\nu}(h_{0\nu,0}+h_{0\nu,0}-h_{00,\nu})
Γ00μ=21ημν(h0ν,0+h0ν,0−h00,ν)
在TT规范下,
h
0
ν
=
0
h_{0\nu}=0
h0ν=0,所以
Γ
00
μ
=
0
\Gamma^\mu_{00}=0
Γ00μ=0,
d
2
x
d
τ
2
=
0
\frac{d^2x}{d\tau^2}=0
dτ2d2x=0,说明加速度为零,单粒子静止不动
测地线偏离效应
要考虑时空弯曲效应,则需要考虑测地线的偏离效应
对于两个分离
S
μ
≡
δ
x
μ
S^\mu\equiv\delta x^\mu
Sμ≡δxμ的粒子,满足方程:
D
2
S
μ
D
τ
2
=
R
μ
ν
ρ
σ
d
x
ν
d
τ
d
x
ρ
d
τ
S
σ
=
R
μ
ν
ρ
σ
U
ν
U
ρ
S
σ
\frac{D^2 S^\mu}{D\tau^2}={R^\mu}_{\nu\rho\sigma}\frac{dx^\nu}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\rho}{d\tau}S^\sigma={R^\mu}_{\nu\rho\sigma}U^\nu U^\rho S^\sigma
Dτ2D2Sμ=RμνρσdτdxνdτdxρSσ=RμνρσUνUρSσ
把一个粒子放在坐标原点,另一个在
S
μ
≡
δ
x
μ
S^\mu\equiv \delta x^\mu
Sμ≡δxμ处,其四速度为
U
μ
=
(
1
,
0
,
0
,
0
)
U^\mu=(1,0,0,0)
Uμ=(1,0,0,0),因为
R
∼
O
(
h
)
R\sim O(h)
R∼O(h),引力波引起的对
U
μ
U^\mu
Uμ的修正至少是
O
(
h
)
O(h)
O(h),所以可以忽略
U
μ
U^\mu
Uμ中的
O
(
h
)
O(h)
O(h)
对于
R
μ
00
σ
R_{\mu 00\sigma}
Rμ00σ:
R
μ
00
σ
=
1
2
(
h
μ
σ
,
0
,
0
+
h
00
,
σ
,
μ
−
h
μ
0
,
0
,
σ
−
h
σ
0
,
0
,
μ
)
R_{\mu 00\sigma}=\frac{1}{2}(h_{\mu\sigma,0,0}+h_{00,\sigma,\mu}-h_{\mu 0,0,\sigma}-h_{\sigma 0, 0, \mu})
Rμ00σ=21(hμσ,0,0+h00,σ,μ−hμ0,0,σ−hσ0,0,μ)
在TT规范下,
h
0
ν
=
0
h_{0\nu}=0
h0ν=0,上式后三项均为零,因此:
R
μ
00
σ
=
1
2
h
μ
σ
,
0
,
0
R_{\mu 00\sigma}=\frac{1}{2}h_{\mu\sigma,0,0}
Rμ00σ=21hμσ,0,0
假设两个检验粒子都是低速运动:
d
τ
2
=
d
t
2
−
d
x
⃗
2
=
d
t
2
,
τ
=
x
0
=
t
d\tau^2=dt^2-d\vec x^2=dt^2,\ \tau=x^0=t
dτ2=dt2−dx2=dt2, τ=x0=t
因此,取到最低阶后,测地线偏离方程变为:
∂
2
∂
t
2
S
μ
=
1
2
S
σ
h
μ
σ
,
0
,
0
=
1
2
S
σ
∂
2
∂
t
2
h
μ
σ
\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}S^\mu = \frac{1}{2}S^\sigma {h^\mu}_{\sigma,0,0}=\frac{1}{2}S^\sigma \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}{h^\mu}_\sigma
∂t2∂2Sμ=21Sσhμσ,0,0=21Sσ∂t2∂2hμσ
引力波极化状态有两个分量,现在分别观察其中一个分量下的粒子运动。令
C
+
≡
C
11
C_+\equiv C_{11}
C+≡C11,
C
×
≡
C
12
C_\times \equiv C_{12}
C×≡C12,即引力波沿
z
z
z方向传播
(1)当
C
×
=
0
,
C
+
≠
0
C_\times =0,\ C_+\neq 0
C×=0, C+=0,
μ
=
3
\mu=3
μ=3或
μ
=
0
\mu=0
μ=0时,测地线方程为:
∂
2
∂
t
2
S
μ
=
0
\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}S^\mu=0
∂t2∂2Sμ=0
即
S
μ
S^\mu
Sμ是一个常数
当
μ
=
1
\mu=1
μ=1或
μ
=
2
\mu=2
μ=2时,测地线方程为:
{
∂
2
∂
t
2
S
1
=
1
2
S
1
∂
2
∂
t
2
(
C
+
e
i
k
σ
x
σ
)
,
(
μ
=
1
)
∂
2
∂
t
2
S
2
=
−
1
2
S
2
∂
2
∂
t
2
(
C
+
e
i
k
σ
x
σ
)
,
(
μ
=
2
)
\left\{\begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}S^1=\frac{1}{2}S^1\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}(C_+ e^{ik_\sigma x^\sigma}),\ (\mu=1)\\ &\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}S^2=-\frac{1}{2}S^2\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}(C_+ e^{ik_\sigma x^\sigma}),\ (\mu=2) \end{aligned}\right.
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧∂t2∂2S1=21S1∂t2∂2(C+eikσxσ), (μ=1)∂t2∂2S2=−21S2∂t2∂2(C+eikσxσ), (μ=2)
进行求解后得到:
{
S
1
=
(
1
+
1
2
C
+
e
i
k
σ
x
σ
)
S
1
(
0
)
S
2
=
(
1
−
1
2
C
+
e
i
k
σ
x
σ
)
S
2
(
0
)
\left\{\begin{aligned} &S^1=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}C_+e^{ik_\sigma x^\sigma}\right)S^1(0)\\ &S^2=\left(1-\frac{1}{2}C_+e^{ik_\sigma x^\sigma}\right)S^2(0) \end{aligned}\right.
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧S1=(1+21C+eikσxσ)S1(0)S2=(1−21C+eikσxσ)S2(0)
振动方式如下图所示:
因此 C + C_+ C+被称作" + + +"模式极化
(2)当
C
+
=
0
,
C
×
≠
0
C_+ =0,\ C_\times\neq 0
C+=0, C×=0,
μ
=
1
\mu=1
μ=1或
μ
=
2
\mu=2
μ=2时,类似求解得到:
{
S
1
=
S
1
(
0
)
+
1
2
C
×
e
i
k
σ
x
σ
S
2
(
0
)
S
2
=
S
2
(
0
)
+
1
2
C
×
e
i
k
σ
x
σ
S
1
(
0
)
\left\{\begin{aligned} &S^1=S^1(0)+\frac{1}{2}C_\times e^{ik_\sigma x^\sigma}S^2(0)\\ &S^2=S^2(0)+\frac{1}{2}C_\times e^{ik_\sigma x^\sigma}S^1(0) \end{aligned}\right.
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧S1=S1(0)+21C×eikσxσS2(0)S2=S2(0)+21C×eikσxσS1(0)
振动方式如下图所示:
因此 C × C_\times C×被称作" × \times ×"模式极化
(3)左旋极化和右旋极化。在进行下述定义时:
C
R
=
1
2
(
C
+
+
i
C
×
)
C
L
=
1
2
(
C
+
−
i
C
×
)
C_R=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(C_++iC_\times)\\ C_L=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(C_+-iC_\times)
CR=21(C++iC×)CL=21(C+−iC×)
可以得到如下的观测效应: