矩阵

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概念

1. 正交矩阵：

$$A^T=A^{-1}$$
$$|A{|}^2=1$$
$$行列式的值为1或-1$$

2. 可逆矩阵：

$$|A|\ne 0$$
$$r(A)=n$$
$$A的列向量组线性无关$$
$$A=P_1{P}_2\cdots P_i$$
$$A与单位矩阵等价$$
$$0不是特征值$$

公式

1. 可逆

$$(A^n{)}^{-1}=(A^{-1}{)}^n$$
$$(A^T{)}^{-1}=(A^{-1}{)}^T$$
$$|A^{-1}|=|A{|}^{-1}=\frac{1}{|A|}$$
$$A^{-1}=\frac{1}{|A|}{A}^{\ast }$$

2. 伴随

$$|A^{\ast }|=|A{|}^{n-1}$$
$${\left(A^{\ast }\right)}^{-1}={\left(A^{-1}\right)}^{\ast }=\frac{1}{|A|}A$$
$${\left(A^{\ast }\right)}^T={\left(A^T\right)}^{\ast }$$
$${\left(kA\right)}^{\ast }=k^{n-1}{A}^{\ast }$$
$${\left(A^{\ast }\right)}^{\ast }=|A{|}^{n-2}A$$
$$r\left(A^{\ast }\right)=\{\begin{array}{cc}n,& r(A)=n\\ 1,& r(A)=n-1\\ 0,& r(A)<n-1\end{array}$$
$$A_{11}+A_{22}+A_{33}={\lambda }_2{\lambda }_3+{\lambda }_1{\lambda }_3+{\lambda }_1{\lambda }_2$$

3. 秩

$$r(A)=r(A^T)$$
$$r(A^{T}A)=r(A)$$
$$当k\ne 0时：r(kA)=r(A)$$
$$r(A+B)\le r(A)+r(B)$$
$$r(AB)\le \min (r(A),r(B))$$
$$若A是m\times n矩阵,B是n\times s矩阵,AB=O,则：r(A)+r(B)\le n$$
$$r\left[\begin{array}{cc}A& O\\ O& B\end{array}\right]=r(A)+r(B)$$
$$若A\sim B,则r(A)=r(B),r(A+kE)=r(B+kE)$$
$$AB等价\iff r(A)=r(A|B)=r(B)\iff 互相表出$$
$$若A可逆，则r(AB)=r(B)$$

4. 分块矩阵

$${\left[\begin{array}{cc}A& B\\ C& D\end{array}\right]}^T=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{A}^T& C^T\\ B^T& D^T\end{array}\right]$$
$${\left[\begin{array}{cc}B& O\\ O& C\end{array}\right]}^{-1}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{B}^{-1}& O\\ O& C^{-1}\end{array}\right]$$
$${\left[\begin{array}{cc}O& B\\ C& O\end{array}\right]}^{-1}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}O& C^{-1}\\ B^{-1}& O\end{array}\right]$$
$$A=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& a& b\\ 0& 0& c\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right],则A^2=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& ac\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right]$$
$$A=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& d& a& b\\ 0& 0& e& c\\ 0& 0& 0& f\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right],则A^3=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& def\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right]$$

运算法则

1. $AB=O$推不出$A=O,B=O$
2. $AB=AC,A\ne C$推不出$B=C$
3. $|AB|=|A|\cdot |B|$