目录:点我
思维导图下载:点我
概念
1. 正交矩阵:
A
T
=
A
−
1
A^T=A^{-1}
AT=A−1
∣
A
∣
2
=
1
|A|^2=1
∣A∣2=1
行
列
式
的
值
为
1
或
−
1
行列式的值为1或-1
行列式的值为1或−1
2. 可逆矩阵:
∣
A
∣
≠
0
|A|\ne0
∣A∣=0
r
(
A
)
=
n
r(A)=n
r(A)=n
A
的
列
向
量
组
线
性
无
关
A的列向量组线性无关
A的列向量组线性无关
A
=
P
1
P
2
⋯
P
i
A=P_1P_2\cdots P_i
A=P1P2⋯Pi
A
与
单
位
矩
阵
等
价
A与单位矩阵等价
A与单位矩阵等价
0
不
是
特
征
值
0不是特征值
0不是特征值
公式
1. 可逆
(
A
n
)
−
1
=
(
A
−
1
)
n
(A^n)^{-1}=(A^{-1})^n
(An)−1=(A−1)n
(
A
T
)
−
1
=
(
A
−
1
)
T
(A^T)^{-1}=(A^{-1})^T
(AT)−1=(A−1)T
∣
A
−
1
∣
=
∣
A
∣
−
1
=
1
∣
A
∣
|A^{-1}|=|A|^{-1}=\frac{1}{|A|}
∣A−1∣=∣A∣−1=∣A∣1
A
−
1
=
1
∣
A
∣
A
∗
A^{-1}=\frac{1}{|A|}A^*
A−1=∣A∣1A∗
2. 伴随
∣
A
∗
∣
=
∣
A
∣
n
−
1
|A^*|=|A|^{n-1}
∣A∗∣=∣A∣n−1
(
A
∗
)
−
1
=
(
A
−
1
)
∗
=
1
∣
A
∣
A
\left(A^*\right)^{-1}=\left(A^{-1}\right)^*=\frac{1}{|A|}A
(A∗)−1=(A−1)∗=∣A∣1A
(
A
∗
)
T
=
(
A
T
)
∗
\left(A^*\right)^T=\left(A^T\right)^*
(A∗)T=(AT)∗
(
k
A
)
∗
=
k
n
−
1
A
∗
\left(kA\right)^*=k^{n-1}A^*
(kA)∗=kn−1A∗
(
A
∗
)
∗
=
∣
A
∣
n
−
2
A
\left(A^*\right)^*=|A|^{n-2}A
(A∗)∗=∣A∣n−2A
r
(
A
∗
)
=
{
n
,
r
(
A
)
=
n
1
,
r
(
A
)
=
n
−
1
0
,
r
(
A
)
<
n
−
1
r\left(A^*\right)= \left\{\begin{matrix} n, & r(A)=n \\ 1, & r(A)=n-1 \\ 0, & r(A)<n-1 \end{matrix}\right.
r(A∗)=⎩⎨⎧n,1,0,r(A)=nr(A)=n−1r(A)<n−1
A
11
+
A
22
+
A
33
=
λ
2
λ
3
+
λ
1
λ
3
+
λ
1
λ
2
A_{11}+A_{22}+A_{33}=\lambda_2\lambda_3+\lambda_1\lambda_3+\lambda_1\lambda_2
A11+A22+A33=λ2λ3+λ1λ3+λ1λ2
3. 秩
r
(
A
)
=
r
(
A
T
)
r(A)=r(A^T)
r(A)=r(AT)
r
(
A
T
A
)
=
r
(
A
)
r(A^TA)=r(A)
r(ATA)=r(A)
当
k
≠
0
时
:
r
(
k
A
)
=
r
(
A
)
当k\ne 0时:r(kA)=r(A)
当k=0时:r(kA)=r(A)
r
(
A
+
B
)
≤
r
(
A
)
+
r
(
B
)
r(A+B)\le r(A)+r(B)
r(A+B)≤r(A)+r(B)
r
(
A
B
)
≤
min
(
r
(
A
)
,
r
(
B
)
)
r(AB)\le \min(r(A),r(B))
r(AB)≤min(r(A),r(B))
若
A
是
m
×
n
矩
阵
,
B
是
n
×
s
矩
阵
,
A
B
=
O
,
则
:
r
(
A
)
+
r
(
B
)
≤
n
若A是m\times n矩阵,B是n\times s矩阵,AB=O,则:r(A)+r(B)\le n
若A是m×n矩阵,B是n×s矩阵,AB=O,则:r(A)+r(B)≤n
r
[
A
O
O
B
]
=
r
(
A
)
+
r
(
B
)
r\begin{bmatrix} A & O \\ O & B \end{bmatrix} =r(A)+r(B)
r[AOOB]=r(A)+r(B)
若
A
∼
B
,
则
r
(
A
)
=
r
(
B
)
,
r
(
A
+
k
E
)
=
r
(
B
+
k
E
)
若A\sim B,则r(A)=r(B),r(A+kE)=r(B+kE)
若A∼B,则r(A)=r(B),r(A+kE)=r(B+kE)
A
B
等
价
⇔
r
(
A
)
=
r
(
A
∣
B
)
=
r
(
B
)
⇔
互
相
表
出
AB等价\Leftrightarrow r(A)=r(A|B)=r(B)\Leftrightarrow 互相表出
AB等价⇔r(A)=r(A∣B)=r(B)⇔互相表出
若
A
可
逆
,
则
r
(
A
B
)
=
r
(
B
)
若A可逆,则r(AB)=r(B)
若A可逆,则r(AB)=r(B)
4. 分块矩阵
[
A
B
C
D
]
T
=
[
A
T
C
T
B
T
D
T
]
\begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix} ^T= \begin{bmatrix} A^T & C^T \\ B^T & D^T \end{bmatrix}
[ACBD]T=[ATBTCTDT]
[
B
O
O
C
]
−
1
=
[
B
−
1
O
O
C
−
1
]
\begin{bmatrix} B & O \\ O & C \end{bmatrix} ^{-1}= \begin{bmatrix} B^{-1} & O \\ O & C^{-1} \end{bmatrix}
[BOOC]−1=[B−1OOC−1]
[
O
B
C
O
]
−
1
=
[
O
C
−
1
B
−
1
O
]
\begin{bmatrix} O & B \\ C & O \end{bmatrix} ^{-1}= \begin{bmatrix} O & C^{-1} \\ B^{-1} & O \end{bmatrix}
[OCBO]−1=[OB−1C−1O]
A
=
[
0
a
b
0
0
c
0
0
0
]
,
则
A
2
=
[
0
0
a
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
A= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & a & b \\ 0 & 0 & c \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} ,则A^2= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & ac \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}
A=⎣⎡000a00bc0⎦⎤,则A2=⎣⎡000000ac00⎦⎤
A
=
[
0
d
a
b
0
0
e
c
0
0
0
f
0
0
0
0
]
,
则
A
3
=
[
0
0
0
d
e
f
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
A= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & d & a & b \\ 0 & 0 & e & c \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & f \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} ,则A^3= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & def \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}
A=⎣⎢⎢⎡0000d000ae00bcf0⎦⎥⎥⎤,则A3=⎣⎢⎢⎡000000000000def000⎦⎥⎥⎤
运算法则
- A B = O AB=O AB=O推不出 A = O , B = O A=O,B=O A=O,B=O
- A B = A C , A ≠ C AB=AC,A\ne C AB=AC,A=C推不出 B = C B=C B=C
- ∣ A B ∣ = ∣ A ∣ ⋅ ∣ B ∣ |AB|=|A|\cdot|B| ∣AB∣=∣A∣⋅∣B∣