这里写目录标题
设无限长均匀传输线为无穷多个无限小线元级联而成。
其中: z为线长度坐标
物理量★ | 符号 | 单位 |
---|---|---|
线元长度 | ∆z | m |
单位长度上的电阻 | R | Ω / m \Omega/m Ω/m |
单位长度上的电导 | G | S / m S/m S/m |
单位长度上的电感 | L | H / m H/m H/m |
单位长度上的电容 | C | F / m F/m F/m |
电压、电流时域方程
v
(
z
,
t
)
=
R
Δ
z
i
(
z
,
t
)
+
L
Δ
z
∂
i
(
z
,
t
)
∂
t
+
v
(
z
+
Δ
z
,
t
)
v(z,t) = R\Delta zi(z,t) + L\Delta z\frac{{\partial i(z,t)}}{{\partial t}} + v(z + \Delta z,t)
v(z,t)=RΔzi(z,t)+LΔz∂t∂i(z,t)+v(z+Δz,t)
i
(
z
,
t
)
=
G
Δ
z
v
(
z
+
Δ
z
,
t
)
+
C
Δ
z
∂
v
(
z
+
Δ
z
,
t
)
∂
t
+
i
(
z
+
Δ
z
,
t
)
i(z,t) = G\Delta zv(z + \Delta z,t) + C\Delta z\frac{{\partial v(z + \Delta z,t)}}{{\partial t}} + i(z + \Delta z,t)
i(z,t)=GΔzv(z+Δz,t)+CΔz∂t∂v(z+Δz,t)+i(z+Δz,t)
v
(
z
+
Δ
z
,
t
)
−
v
(
z
,
t
)
Δ
z
+
R
i
(
z
,
t
)
+
L
∂
i
(
z
,
t
)
∂
t
=
0
\frac{{v(z + \Delta z,t) - v(z,t)}}{{\Delta z}} + Ri(z,t) + L\frac{{\partial i(z,t)}}{{\partial t}} = 0
Δzv(z+Δz,t)−v(z,t)+Ri(z,t)+L∂t∂i(z,t)=0
i
(
z
+
Δ
z
,
t
)
−
i
(
z
,
t
)
Δ
z
+
G
v
(
z
+
Δ
z
,
t
)
+
C
∂
v
(
z
+
Δ
z
,
t
)
∂
t
=
0
\frac{{i(z + \Delta z,t) - i(z,t)}}{{\Delta z}} + Gv(z + \Delta z,t) + C\frac{{\partial v(z + \Delta z,t)}}{{\partial t}} = 0
Δzi(z+Δz,t)−i(z,t)+Gv(z+Δz,t)+C∂t∂v(z+Δz,t)=0
Δ
z
→
0
\Delta z \to 0
Δz→0
∂
v
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
+
R
i
(
z
,
t
)
+
L
∂
i
(
z
,
t
)
∂
t
=
0
\frac{{\partial v(z,t)}}{{\partial z}} + Ri(z,t) + L\frac{{\partial i(z,t)}}{{\partial t}} = 0
∂z∂v(z,t)+Ri(z,t)+L∂t∂i(z,t)=0
∂
i
(
z
,
t
)
∂
z
+
G
v
(
z
,
t
)
+
C
∂
v
(
z
,
t
)
∂
t
=
0
\frac{{\partial i(z,t)}}{{\partial z}} + Gv(z,t) + C\frac{{\partial v(z,t)}}{{\partial t}} = 0
∂z∂i(z,t)+Gv(z,t)+C∂t∂v(z,t)=0
复数法(相量法)表示单频正弦信号
V
(
z
)
=
R
Δ
z
I
(
z
)
+
j
ω
L
Δ
z
I
(
z
)
+
V
(
z
+
Δ
z
)
V(z) = R\Delta zI(z) + j\omega L\Delta zI(z) + V(z + \Delta z)
V(z)=RΔzI(z)+jωLΔzI(z)+V(z+Δz)
I
(
z
)
=
G
Δ
z
V
(
z
+
Δ
z
)
+
j
ω
C
Δ
z
V
(
z
+
Δ
z
)
+
I
(
z
+
Δ
z
)
I(z) = G\Delta zV(z + \Delta z) + j\omega C\Delta zV(z + \Delta z) + I(z + \Delta z)
I(z)=GΔzV(z+Δz)+jωCΔzV(z+Δz)+I(z+Δz)
V
(
z
+
Δ
z
)
−
V
(
z
)
Δ
z
+
[
R
+
j
ω
L
]
I
(
z
)
=
0
\frac{{V(z + \Delta z) - V(z)}}{{\Delta z}} + \left[ {R + j\omega L} \right]I(z) = 0
ΔzV(z+Δz)−V(z)+[R+jωL]I(z)=0
I
(
z
+
Δ
z
)
−
I
(
z
)
Δ
z
+
[
G
+
j
ω
C
]
V
(
z
+
Δ
z
)
=
0
\frac{{I(z + \Delta z) - I(z)}}{{\Delta z}} + \left[ {G + j\omega C} \right]V(z + \Delta z) = 0
ΔzI(z+Δz)−I(z)+[G+jωC]V(z+Δz)=0
Δ
z
→
0
\Delta z \to 0
Δz→0
d
V
(
z
)
d
z
+
[
R
+
j
ω
L
]
I
(
z
)
=
0
\frac{{dV(z)}}{{dz}} + \left[ {R + j\omega L} \right]I(z) = 0
dzdV(z)+[R+jωL]I(z)=0
d
I
(
z
)
d
z
+
[
G
+
j
ω
C
]
V
(
z
)
=
0
\frac{{dI(z)}}{{dz}} + \left[ {G + j\omega C} \right]V(z) = 0
dzdI(z)+[G+jωC]V(z)=0
d
V
(
z
)
d
z
+
[
R
+
j
ω
L
]
I
(
z
)
=
0
(
1
)
\frac{{dV(z)}}{{dz}} + \left[ {R + j\omega L} \right]I(z) = 0(1)
dzdV(z)+[R+jωL]I(z)=0(1)
d
I
(
z
)
d
z
+
[
G
+
j
ω
C
]
V
(
z
)
=
0
(
2
)
\frac{{dI(z)}}{{dz}} + \left[ {G + j\omega C} \right]V(z) = 0(2)
dzdI(z)+[G+jωC]V(z)=0(2)
(1)式对z求导再将(2)代入得(3),同理可得(4)
d
2
V
(
z
)
d
z
2
−
[
R
+
j
ω
L
]
[
G
+
j
ω
C
]
V
(
z
)
=
0
(
3
)
\frac{{{d^2}V(z)}}{{d{z^2}}} - \left[ {R + j\omega L} \right]\left[ {G + j\omega C} \right]V(z) = 0(3)
dz2d2V(z)−[R+jωL][G+jωC]V(z)=0(3)
d
2
I
(
z
)
d
z
2
−
[
R
+
j
ω
L
]
[
G
+
j
ω
C
]
I
(
z
)
=
0
(
4
)
\frac{{{d^2}I(z)}}{{d{z^2}}} - \left[ {R + j\omega L} \right]\left[ {G + j\omega C} \right]I(z) = 0(4)
dz2d2I(z)−[R+jωL][G+jωC]I(z)=0(4)
γ
=
[
R
+
j
ω
L
]
[
G
+
j
ω
C
]
=
α
+
j
β
,
α
≥
0
,
β
∈
R
\gamma {\rm{ = }}\sqrt {\left[ {R + j\omega L} \right]\left[ {G + j\omega C} \right]} {\rm{ = }}\alpha {\rm{ + }}j\beta,\alpha \ge 0,\beta∈R
γ=[R+jωL][G+jωC]=α+jβ,α≥0,β∈R★
传输方程
d
2
V
(
z
)
d
2
z
−
γ
2
V
(
z
)
=
0
\frac{{{d^2}V(z)}}{{{d^2}z}} - {\gamma ^2}V(z) = 0
d2zd2V(z)−γ2V(z)=0★
d
2
I
(
z
)
d
2
z
−
γ
2
I
(
z
)
=
0
\frac{{{d^2}I(z)}}{{{d^2}z}} - {\gamma ^2}I(z) = 0
d2zd2I(z)−γ2I(z)=0★
传输方程的解
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
V
0
−
e
γ
z
V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}}
V(z)=V0+e−γz+V0−eγz★
I
(
z
)
=
I
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
I
0
−
e
γ
z
I(z) = {I_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {I_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}}
I(z)=I0+e−γz+I0−eγz★
其中
V
0
+
{V_0}^ +
V0+
V
0
−
{V_0}^ -
V0−
I
0
+
{I_0}^ +
I0+
I
0
−
{I_0}^ -
I0−为复常数,与传输距离z无关
由传输线边界条件确定
四个参数中只有两个是独立的
方程中只有z是实数,其他均为复数
根据前面的方程(1)得
d
V
(
z
)
d
z
+
[
R
+
j
ω
L
]
I
(
z
)
=
0
\frac{{dV(z)}}{{dz}} + \left[ {R + j\omega L} \right]I(z) = 0
dzdV(z)+[R+jωL]I(z)=0
I
(
z
)
=
−
1
R
+
j
ω
L
d
V
(
z
)
d
z
I(z){\rm{ = }}\frac{{ - 1}}{{R + j\omega L}}\frac{{dV(z)}}{{dz}}
I(z)=R+jωL−1dzdV(z)
I
(
z
)
=
γ
R
+
j
ω
L
(
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
−
V
0
−
e
γ
z
)
I(z) = \frac{\gamma }{{R + j\omega L}}\left( {{V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} - {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}}} \right)
I(z)=R+jωLγ(V0+e−γz−V0−eγz)
特征阻抗
= 入射波电压 / 入射波电流 = - 反射波电压 / 反射波电流 ★
仅由自身分布参数决定
与信号源和负载无关
一般为复数,与频率有关
Z
0
=
R
+
j
ω
L
G
+
j
ω
C
=
r
+
j
x
=
V
0
+
I
0
+
=
−
V
0
−
I
0
−
,
r
≥
0
,
x
∈
R
{Z_0}{\rm{ = }}\sqrt {\frac{{R + j\omega L}}{{G + j\omega C}}} = r + jx = \frac{{V_0^ + }}{{I_0^ + }} = \frac{{ - V_0^ - }}{{I_0^ - }},r\ge 0,x∈R
Z0=G+jωCR+jωL=r+jx=I0+V0+=I0−−V0−,r≥0,x∈R★
I
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
γ
z
−
V
0
−
Z
0
e
γ
z
I(z) = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - \gamma z}} - \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{\gamma z}}
I(z)=Z0V0+e−γz−Z0V0−eγz
传输方程的解为
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
V
0
−
e
γ
z
V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}}
V(z)=V0+e−γz+V0−eγz★
I
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
γ
z
−
V
0
−
Z
0
e
γ
z
I(z) = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - \gamma z}} - \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{\gamma z}}
I(z)=Z0V0+e−γz−Z0V0−eγz★
注意:复数开方有两个值,根据其物理意义,取值要求
α
≥
0
,
r
≥
0
,
β
,
x
\alpha \ge 0,r \ge 0,\beta,x
α≥0,r≥0,β,x为任意实数(z的方向从源到负载)
复函数表达式中解出对应的时域函数
v
(
z
,
t
)
=
R
e
{
e
j
ω
t
V
(
z
)
}
=
e
j
ω
t
V
(
z
)
+
e
−
j
ω
t
V
∗
(
z
)
2
v(z,t) = {\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left\{ {{e^{j\omega t}}V(z)} \right\} = \frac{{{e^{j\omega t}}V(z) + {e^{ - j\omega t}}{V^ * }(z)}}{2}
v(z,t)=Re{ejωtV(z)}=2ejωtV(z)+e−jωtV∗(z)
假设
V
0
+
=
∣
V
0
+
∣
e
j
φ
+
=
∣
V
0
+
∣
(
cos
φ
+
+
j
sin
φ
+
)
{V_0}^ + {\rm{ = }}\left| {{V_0}^ + } \right|{e^{j{\varphi ^ + }}}{\rm{ = }}\left| {{V_0}^ + } \right|\left( {\cos {\varphi ^ + } + j\sin {\varphi ^ + }} \right)
V0+=∣∣V0+∣∣ejφ+=∣∣V0+∣∣(cosφ++jsinφ+)
V
0
−
=
∣
V
0
−
∣
e
j
φ
−
{V_0}^ - {\rm{ = }}\left| {{V_0}^ - } \right|{e^{j{\varphi ^ - }}}
V0−=∣∣V0−∣∣ejφ−
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
V
0
−
e
γ
z
=
∣
V
0
+
∣
e
j
φ
+
e
−
α
z
−
j
β
z
+
∣
V
0
−
∣
e
j
φ
−
e
α
z
+
j
β
z
V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}} = \left| {{V_0}^ + } \right|{e^{j{\varphi ^ + }}}{e^{ - \alpha z - j\beta z}} + \left| {{V_0}^ - } \right|{e^{j{\varphi ^ - }}}{e^{\alpha z + j\beta z}}
V(z)=V0+e−γz+V0−eγz=∣∣V0+∣∣ejφ+e−αz−jβz+∣∣V0−∣∣ejφ−eαz+jβz
v
(
z
,
t
)
=
R
e
{
e
j
ω
t
V
(
z
)
}
=
∣
V
0
+
∣
e
−
α
z
e
j
(
ω
t
−
β
z
+
φ
+
)
+
∣
V
0
−
∣
e
α
z
e
j
(
ω
t
+
β
z
+
φ
−
)
=
∣
V
0
+
∣
e
−
α
z
cos
(
ω
t
−
β
z
+
ϕ
+
)
+
∣
V
0
−
∣
e
α
z
cos
(
ω
t
+
β
z
+
ϕ
−
)
v(z,t) = {\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left\{ {{e^{j\omega t}}V(z)} \right\} = \left| {{V_0}^ + } \right|{e^{ - \alpha z}}{e^{j\left( {\omega t - \beta z + {\varphi ^ + }} \right)}} + \left| {{V_0}^ - } \right|{e^{\alpha z}}{e^{j\left( {\omega t + \beta z + {\varphi ^ - }} \right)}} = \left| {V_0^ + } \right|{e^{ - \alpha z}}\cos (\omega t - \beta z + {\phi ^ + }) + \left| {V_0^ - } \right|{e^{\alpha z}}\cos (\omega t + \beta z + {\phi ^ - })
v(z,t)=Re{ejωtV(z)}=∣∣V0+∣∣e−αzej(ωt−βz+φ+)+∣∣V0−∣∣eαzej(ωt+βz+φ−)=∣∣V0+∣∣e−αzcos(ωt−βz+ϕ+)+∣∣V0−∣∣eαzcos(ωt+βz+ϕ−)
同理可得电流波形的表达式
方程的物理意义
- 方程以复数形式描述了在单频正弦波激励下传输线各点上的电压和电流的幅度和相位
- 方程中z为实数。z的方向及电压电流的方向见参考图,从源向终端负载
- 传输线上任意点的电压表达式
v ( z , t ) = ∣ V 0 + ∣ e − α z cos ( ω t − β z + ϕ + ) + ∣ V 0 − ∣ e α z cos ( ω t + β z + ϕ − ) v(z,t) = \left| {V_0^ + } \right|{e^{ - \alpha z}}\cos (\omega t - \beta z + {\phi ^ + }) + \left| {V_0^ - } \right|{e^{\alpha z}}\cos (\omega t + \beta z + {\phi ^ - }) v(z,t)=∣∣V0+∣∣e−αzcos(ωt−βz+ϕ+)+∣∣V0−∣∣eαzcos(ωt+βz+ϕ−)★
称方程中第一项为电压入射波,传播方向与z相同
称方程中第二项为电压反射波,传播方向与z相反
各点均由入射波与反射波叠加而成。
试求电压源电压Vs的时域波形表达式vs(t)
例:设有限长传输线的源端接理想电压源
V
s
V_s
Vs,终端接负载
Z
L
=
Z
0
=
50
Ω
Z_L=Z0=50Ω
ZL=Z0=50Ω
若传输线的长度为
l
=
10
m
l=10m
l=10m,
γ
=
0.1
+
j
π
/
20
(
1
/
m
)
γ=0.1+jπ/20(1/m)
γ=0.1+jπ/20(1/m)
测得负载电压
V
L
V_L
VL的波形为
v
L
(
t
)
=
c
o
s
ω
t
v_L(t)=cosωt
vL(t)=cosωt
试求电压源电压
V
s
V_s
Vs的时域波形表达式
v
s
(
t
)
v_s(t)
vs(t)
首先定义z的坐标
定义余弦函数为相位参考,峰值为幅度参考,则
V
L
=
1
V_L=1
VL=1
{
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
V
0
−
e
γ
z
I
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
γ
z
−
V
0
−
Z
0
e
γ
z
⇒
{
V
(
0
)
=
V
L
=
V
0
+
+
V
0
−
I
(
0
)
=
V
L
Z
L
=
V
0
+
Z
0
−
V
0
−
Z
0
\{ \begin{array}{l} V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}}\\ I(z) = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - \gamma z}} - \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{\gamma z}} \end{array} \Rightarrow \{ \begin{array}{l} V(0) = {V_L} = {V_0}^ + + {V_0}^ - \\ I(0) = \frac{{{V_L}}}{{{Z_L}}} = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}} - \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{Z_0}}} \end{array}
{V(z)=V0+e−γz+V0−eγzI(z)=Z0V0+e−γz−Z0V0−eγz⇒{V(0)=VL=V0++V0−I(0)=ZLVL=Z0V0+−Z0V0−★
V
0
+
=
V
L
2
(
1
+
Z
0
Z
L
)
{V_0}^ + = \frac{{{V_L}}}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{{{Z_0}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right)
V0+=2VL(1+ZLZ0)★
V
0
−
=
V
L
2
(
1
−
Z
0
Z
L
)
{V_0}^ - = \frac{{{V_L}}}{2}\left( {1 - \frac{{{Z_0}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right)
V0−=2VL(1−ZLZ0)★
代入
V
L
=
1
,
Z
0
=
Z
L
=
50
{V_L} = 1,{Z_0}{\rm{ = }}{Z_L}{\rm{ = }}50
VL=1,Z0=ZL=50得
V
0
+
=
1
,
V
0
−
=
0
V_0^ + = 1,V_0^ - = 0
V0+=1,V0−=0
V
(
z
)
=
e
−
γ
z
⇒
V
S
=
V
(
−
l
)
=
e
γ
l
=
e
1
+
j
π
/
2
=
j
e
V(z) = {e^{ - \gamma z}} \Rightarrow {V_S} = V( - l) = {e^{\gamma l}} = {e^{1 + j\pi /2}} = je
V(z)=e−γz⇒VS=V(−l)=eγl=e1+jπ/2=je
v
s
(
t
)
=
R
e
{
V
(
z
)
e
j
ω
t
}
=
R
e
{
j
e
(
cos
ω
t
+
j
sin
ω
t
)
}
≈
−
2.7
sin
ω
t
(
V
)
{v_s}(t) ={\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left\{ {V(z)e^{j \omega t}} \right\}= {\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left\{ {je\left( {\cos \omega t + j\sin \omega t} \right)} \right\} \approx - 2.7\sin \omega t{\rm{ }}(V)
vs(t)=Re{V(z)ejωt}=Re{je(cosωt+jsinωt)}≈−2.7sinωt(V)★
如果
Z
L
=
100
Ω
Z_L=100Ω
ZL=100Ω,传输线参数不变,则
V
0
+
=
V
L
2
(
1
+
Z
0
Z
L
)
=
1
2
(
1
+
50
100
)
=
3
4
{V_0}^ + = \frac{{{V_L}}}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{{{Z_0}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right){\rm{ = }}\frac{1}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{{50}}{{100}}} \right) = \frac{3}{4}
V0+=2VL(1+ZLZ0)=21(1+10050)=43
V
0
−
=
V
L
2
(
1
−
Z
0
Z
L
)
=
1
4
{V_0}^ - = \frac{{{V_L}}}{2}\left( {1 - \frac{{{Z_0}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right) = \frac{1}{4}
V0−=2VL(1−ZLZ0)=41
V
S
=
3
4
e
1
+
j
π
/
2
+
1
4
e
−
1
−
j
π
/
2
=
j
4
(
3
e
−
e
−
1
)
{V_S} = \frac{3}{4}{e^{1 + j\pi /2}} + \frac{1}{4}{e^{ - 1 - j\pi /2}} = \frac{j}{4}\left( {3e - {e^{ - 1}}} \right)
VS=43e1+jπ/2+41e−1−jπ/2=4j(3e−e−1)
v
s
(
t
)
=
1
4
(
e
−
1
−
3
e
)
sin
ω
t
(
V
)
{v_s}(t) = \frac{1}{4}\left( {{e^{ - 1}} - 3e} \right)\sin \omega t{\rm{ }}(V)
vs(t)=41(e−1−3e)sinωt(V)
关于传输线的计算问题★
一般说来在传输系数,特征阻抗
Z
0
{Z_0}
Z0已知的条件下,传输线的计算问题主要是根据边界条件(z=0,z=l等)求出
V
0
−
{V_0}^ -
V0−,
V
0
+
{V_0}^ +
V0+,从而完善电压电流方程
解题时注意z坐标的建立,原点和终点的坐标值的确定
尽管方程描述的是分布参数模型
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
V
0
−
e
γ
z
V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}}
V(z)=V0+e−γz+V0−eγz★
I
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
γ
z
−
V
0
−
Z
0
e
γ
z
I(z) = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - \gamma z}} - \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{\gamma z}}
I(z)=Z0V0+e−γz−Z0V0−eγz★
但任何一个z固定的点都可等效为集总参数模型
假设所有参数的单位为标准单位,已知传输线参数
Z
0
=
50
,
γ
=
0.01
+
j
0.2
π
{Z_0}{\rm{ = 50 }},\gamma = 0.01 + j0.2\pi
Z0=50,γ=0.01+j0.2π
1、若信号源电压幅度V(0)=10,输出电流 I(0)=0.2,传输线长度
l
=
3
l=3
l=3
求终端负载电阻
Z
L
{Z_L}
ZL
建立z坐标
电源点z=0
终端点
z
=
l
=
3
z=l=3
z=l=3
边界条件V(0)=10,I(0)=0.2
解出
V
0
−
{V_0}^ -
V0−,
V
0
+
{V_0}^ +
V0+
求出V(3),I(3)
Z
L
=
V
(
3
)
/
I
(
3
)
{Z_L} = V(3)/I(3)
ZL=V(3)/I(3)
2、已知信号源电压幅度V(-4)=10,传输线长度
l
=
4
l=4
l=4,终端端接电阻
Z
L
=
60
{Z_L}=60
ZL=60
求电源输出电流
电源点为
z
=
−
l
=
−
4
z=-l=-4
z=−l=−4
终端点为z=0
边界条件
Z
L
=
V
(
0
)
/
I
(
0
)
=
60
{Z_L} = V(0)/I(0)=60
ZL=V(0)/I(0)=60建立
V
0
−
{V_0}^ -
V0−,
V
0
+
{V_0}^ +
V0+的关系
再利用边界条件V(-4)=10,求出
V
0
−
{V_0}^ -
V0−,
V
0
+
{V_0}^ +
V0+
最后代入电流方程求出I(-4)
端接负载的无耗传输线
仅由储能器件(C,L)而无耗能器件(R,G)构成的传输线叫做无耗传输线,传输参数中R=G=0
γ
=
(
R
+
j
ω
L
)
(
G
+
j
ω
C
)
=
j
ω
L
C
=
j
β
\gamma = \sqrt {\left( {R + j\omega L} \right)\left( {G + j\omega C} \right)} = j\omega \sqrt {LC} = j\beta
γ=(R+jωL)(G+jωC)=jωLC=jβ虚数★
特征阻抗
Z
0
=
(
R
+
j
ω
L
)
(
G
+
j
ω
C
)
=
L
C
{Z_0} = \sqrt {\frac{{\left( {R + j\omega L} \right)}}{{\left( {G + j\omega C} \right)}}} = \sqrt {\frac{L}{C}}
Z0=(G+jωC)(R+jωL)=CL实数★
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
V
0
−
e
γ
z
V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}}
V(z)=V0+e−γz+V0−eγz★
I
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
γ
z
−
V
0
−
Z
0
e
γ
z
I(z) = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - \gamma z}} - \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{\gamma z}}
I(z)=Z0V0+e−γz−Z0V0−eγz★
V
0
+
=
V
L
2
(
1
+
Z
0
Z
L
)
{V_0}^ + = \frac{{{V_L}}}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{{{Z_0}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right)
V0+=2VL(1+ZLZ0)★
V
0
−
=
V
L
2
(
1
−
Z
0
Z
L
)
{V_0}^ - = \frac{{{V_L}}}{2}\left( {1 - \frac{{{Z_0}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right)
V0−=2VL(1−ZLZ0)★
电压反射系数
Γ
(
z
)
=
反
射
电
压
波
入
射
电
压
波
=
V
−
e
γ
z
V
+
e
−
γ
z
=
V
−
V
+
e
2
γ
z
\Gamma (z) = \frac{{反射电压波}}{{入射电压波}}{\rm{ = }}\frac{{{V^ - }{e^{\gamma z}}}}{{{V^ + }{e^{ - \gamma z}}}} = \frac{{{V^ - }}}{{{V^ + }}}{e^{2\gamma z}}
Γ(z)=入射电压波反射电压波=V+e−γzV−eγz=V+V−e2γz★
无耗传输线的电压反射系数
Γ
(
z
)
=
Γ
0
e
j
2
β
z
\Gamma \left( z \right) = {\Gamma _0}{e^{j2\beta z}}
Γ(z)=Γ0ej2βz★
Γ
0
=
Γ
(
0
)
=
V
−
V
+
{\Gamma _0} = \Gamma (0) = \frac{{{V^ - }}}{{{V^ + }}}
Γ0=Γ(0)=V+V−★
令
d
=
−
z
d=-z
d=−z,沿反射波传播方向定义的电压反射系数
Γ
(
d
)
=
Γ
0
e
−
j
2
β
d
\Gamma \left( d \right) = {\Gamma _0}{e^{ - j2\beta d}}
Γ(d)=Γ0e−j2βd★
在端接点上
{
V
0
+
=
V
L
2
(
1
+
Z
0
Z
L
)
V
0
−
=
V
L
2
(
1
−
Z
0
Z
L
)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {V_0}^ + = \frac{{{V_L}}}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{{{Z_0}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right)\\ {V_0}^ - = \frac{{{V_L}}}{2}\left( {1 - \frac{{{Z_0}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right) \end{array} \right.
⎩⎨⎧V0+=2VL(1+ZLZ0)V0−=2VL(1−ZLZ0)
Γ
0
=
V
0
−
V
0
+
=
Z
L
−
Z
0
Z
L
+
Z
0
{\Gamma _0} = \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{V_0}^ + }} = \frac{{{Z_L} - {Z_0}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_0}}}
Γ0=V0+V0−=ZL+Z0ZL−Z0★(2.48)(2.52)
Z
(
0
)
=
Z
L
=
Z
0
1
+
Γ
0
1
−
Γ
0
Z(0)={Z_L} = {Z_0}\frac{{1 + {\Gamma _0}}}{{1 - {\Gamma _0}}}
Z(0)=ZL=Z01−Γ01+Γ0★(2.51)
推广到传输线的任意点上
Γ
(
z
)
=
Z
(
z
)
−
Z
0
Z
(
z
)
+
Z
0
{\rm{ }}\Gamma (z) = \frac{{Z(z) - {Z_0}}}{{Z(z) + {Z_0}}}
Γ(z)=Z(z)+Z0Z(z)−Z0★
Z
(
z
)
Z(z)
Z(z)为传输线z点向负载端看的等效阻抗
无耗传输线上电压或电流波可用反射系数表示为
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
V
0
−
e
γ
z
=
V
0
+
(
e
−
j
β
z
+
Γ
0
e
j
β
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
j
β
z
[
1
+
Γ
(
z
)
]
V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}} = {V_0}^ + \left( {{e^{ - j\beta z}} + {\Gamma _0}^{}{e^{j\beta z}}} \right) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - j\beta z}}\left[ {1 + \Gamma (z)} \right]
V(z)=V0+e−γz+V0−eγz=V0+(e−jβz+Γ0ejβz)=V0+e−jβz[1+Γ(z)]★
I
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
γ
z
−
V
0
−
Z
0
e
γ
z
=
V
0
+
Z
0
(
e
−
j
β
z
−
Γ
0
e
j
β
z
)
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
j
β
z
[
1
−
Γ
(
z
)
]
I(z) = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - \gamma z}} - \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{\gamma z}} = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}\left( {{e^{ - j\beta z}} - {\Gamma _0}^{}{e^{j\beta z}}} \right) = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - j\beta z}}\left[ {1 - \Gamma (z)} \right]
I(z)=Z0V0+e−γz−Z0V0−eγz=Z0V0+(e−jβz−Γ0ejβz)=Z0V0+e−jβz[1−Γ(z)]★
Γ
0
=
V
0
−
V
0
+
=
Z
L
−
Z
0
Z
L
+
Z
0
{\Gamma _0} = \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{V_0}^ + }} = \frac{{{Z_L} - {Z_0}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_0}}}
Γ0=V0+V0−=ZL+Z0ZL−Z0
反射系数的几个常用值★ [-1,1] ?
终端匹配
Z
L
=
Z
0
⇒
Γ
0
=
0
{Z_L} = {Z_0} \Rightarrow {\Gamma _0} = 0
ZL=Z0⇒Γ0=0
终端短路
Z
L
=
0
⇒
Γ
0
=
−
1
{Z_L} = 0 \Rightarrow {\Gamma _0} = - 1
ZL=0⇒Γ0=−1
终端开路
Z
L
=
∞
⇒
Γ
0
=
1
{Z_L} = \infty \Rightarrow {\Gamma _0} = 1
ZL=∞⇒Γ0=1
传播常数和相速
考察入射波在无耗传输线上的传输(无反射)
v
+
(
z
,
t
)
=
∣
V
0
+
∣
cos
(
ω
t
−
β
z
+
ϕ
+
)
{v^ + }(z,t) = \left| {V_0^ + } \right|\cos (\omega t - \beta z + {\phi ^ + })
v+(z,t)=∣∣V0+∣∣cos(ωt−βz+ϕ+)
选两个同相位的点观察,假设
ω
t
1
−
β
z
1
+
ψ
1
=
0
\omega {t_1} - \beta \,{z_1} + {\psi _1} = 0
ωt1−βz1+ψ1=0
当
t
=
t
1
t = t_1
t=t1时,A点在
z
1
z_1
z1处
ω
t
1
−
β
z
1
+
ψ
1
\omega {t_1} - \beta \,{z_1} + {\psi _1}
ωt1−βz1+ψ1
当
t
=
t
1
+
△
t
t = t_1+ △t
t=t1+△t时,A点在
z
=
z
1
+
△
z
z= z_1+△z
z=z1+△z处
ω
(
t
1
+
Δ
t
)
−
β
(
z
1
+
Δ
z
)
+
ψ
1
\omega ({t_1} + \Delta t) - \beta ({z_1} + \Delta z) + \psi {\,_1}
ω(t1+Δt)−β(z1+Δz)+ψ1
相同相位点
ω
t
1
−
β
z
1
+
ψ
1
=
ω
(
t
1
+
Δ
t
)
−
β
(
z
1
+
Δ
z
)
+
ψ
1
\omega {t_1} - \beta \,{z_1} + {\psi _1} = \omega ({t_1} + \Delta t) - \beta ({z_1} + \Delta z) + {\psi _1}
ωt1−βz1+ψ1=ω(t1+Δt)−β(z1+Δz)+ψ1
ω
Δ
t
=
β
Δ
z
\omega \Delta t = \beta \Delta z
ωΔt=βΔz
相同相位点的移动速度为相位速度即相速
v
p
=
lim
Δ
t
→
0
Δ
z
Δ
t
=
ω
β
=
1
ε
μ
=
C
ε
r
μ
r
=
λ
f
=
λ
ω
/
2
π
=
ω
/
k
{v_p} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta t \to 0} \frac{{\Delta z}}{{\Delta t}} = \frac{\omega }{\beta }= \frac{1}{{\sqrt {\varepsilon \mu } }} = \frac{C}{{\sqrt {{\varepsilon _r}{\mu _r}} }} = \lambda f = \lambda \omega /2\pi = \omega /k
vp=Δt→0limΔtΔz=βω=εμ1=εrμrC=λf=λω/2π=ω/k★
群速度
v
g
=
d
ω
d
k
{v_g} = \frac{{d\omega }}{{dk}}
vg=dkdω★
这种向前传播的波称之为行波
幅度不变,相位随z变化
v
+
(
z
,
t
)
=
∣
V
0
+
∣
cos
(
ω
t
−
β
z
+
ϕ
+
)
{v^ + }(z,t) = \left| {V_0^ + } \right|\cos (\omega t - \beta z + {\phi ^ + })
v+(z,t)=∣∣V0+∣∣cos(ωt−βz+ϕ+)
λ
β
=
2
π
=
ω
T
\lambda \beta = 2\pi = \omega T
λβ=2π=ωT★
T
=
1
/
f
T=1/f
T=1/f★
λ
=
2
π
β
=
ω
β
T
=
v
T
=
v
f
\lambda = \frac{{2\pi }}{\beta } = \frac{\omega }{\beta }T = vT{\rm{ = }}\frac{v}{f}
λ=β2π=βωT=vT=fv★
任何一个时间t上,z轴上的电压分布为一个正弦函数,该函数一个周期的长度=波长=正弦波在一个周期时间上沿z轴的移动距离
驻波
Γ
0
=
V
0
−
V
0
+
=
Z
L
−
Z
0
Z
L
+
Z
0
{\Gamma _0} = \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{V_0}^ + }} = \frac{{{Z_L} - {Z_0}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_0}}}
Γ0=V0+V0−=ZL+Z0ZL−Z0
反射系数的几个常用值
终端匹配
Z
L
=
Z
0
⇒
Γ
0
=
0
⇒
S
W
R
=
1
+
∣
Γ
0
∣
1
−
∣
Γ
0
∣
=
1
{Z_L} = {Z_0} \Rightarrow {\Gamma _0} = 0 \Rightarrow SWR = \frac{{1 + \left| {{\Gamma _0}} \right|}}{{1 - \left| {{\Gamma _0}} \right|}}=1
ZL=Z0⇒Γ0=0⇒SWR=1−∣Γ0∣1+∣Γ0∣=1
终端短路
Z
L
=
0
⇒
Γ
0
=
−
1
⇒
S
W
R
=
1
+
∣
Γ
0
∣
1
−
∣
Γ
0
∣
=
∞
{Z_L} = 0 \Rightarrow {\Gamma _0} = - 1 \Rightarrow SWR = \frac{{1 + \left| {{\Gamma _0}} \right|}}{{1 - \left| {{\Gamma _0}} \right|}}=\infty
ZL=0⇒Γ0=−1⇒SWR=1−∣Γ0∣1+∣Γ0∣=∞全反射
终端开路
Z
L
=
∞
⇒
Γ
0
=
1
⇒
S
W
R
=
1
+
∣
Γ
0
∣
1
−
∣
Γ
0
∣
=
∞
{Z_L} = \infty \Rightarrow {\Gamma _0} = 1 \Rightarrow SWR = \frac{{1 + \left| {{\Gamma _0}} \right|}}{{1 - \left| {{\Gamma _0}} \right|}}=\infty
ZL=∞⇒Γ0=1⇒SWR=1−∣Γ0∣1+∣Γ0∣=∞全反射
只在原地振荡,不向前传播
驻波是由入射波和反射波叠加形成的,考察终端开/短路有限长传输线
Γ
0
=
±
1
{\Gamma _0} = \pm 1
Γ0=±1,零点设在端接负载上
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
V
0
−
e
γ
z
=
V
0
+
(
e
−
j
β
z
+
Γ
0
e
j
β
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
j
β
z
[
1
+
Γ
(
z
)
]
V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}} = {V_0}^ + \left( {{e^{ - j\beta z}} + {\Gamma _0}^{}{e^{j\beta z}}} \right) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - j\beta z}}\left[ {1 + \Gamma (z)} \right]
V(z)=V0+e−γz+V0−eγz=V0+(e−jβz+Γ0ejβz)=V0+e−jβz[1+Γ(z)]★
V
(
d
)
=
V
0
+
(
e
j
β
d
±
e
−
j
β
d
)
=
{
2
V
0
+
cos
β
d
开
路
j
2
V
0
+
sin
β
d
短
路
V(d) = {V_0}^ + \left( {{e^{j\beta d}} \pm {e^{ - j\beta d}}} \right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} 2{V_0}^ + \cos \beta d开路\\ j2{V_0}^ + \sin \beta d短路 \end{array} \right.
V(d)=V0+(ejβd±e−jβd)={2V0+cosβd开路j2V0+sinβd短路★
时域式
v
(
t
,
d
)
=
R
e
{
e
j
ω
t
V
(
d
)
}
=
{
2
∣
V
0
+
∣
cos
β
d
cos
(
ω
t
+
φ
+
)
−
2
∣
V
0
+
∣
sin
β
d
sin
(
ω
t
+
φ
+
)
v(t,d) = {\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left\{ {{e^{j\omega t}}V(d)} \right\} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} 2\left| {{V_0}^ + } \right|\cos \beta d\cos \left( {\omega t + {\varphi ^ + }} \right)\\ -2\left| {{V_0}^ + } \right|\sin \beta d\sin \left( {\omega t + {\varphi ^ + }} \right) \end{array} \right.
v(t,d)=Re{ejωtV(d)}={2∣∣V0+∣∣cosβdcos(ωt+φ+)−2∣∣V0+∣∣sinβdsin(ωt+φ+)
v
(
t
,
d
)
=
A
cos
β
d
cos
(
ω
t
+
φ
)
=
∣
A
cos
β
d
∣
cos
(
ω
t
+
φ
(
z
)
)
v(t,d) = A\cos \beta d\cos \left( {\omega t + \varphi } \right){\rm{ = }}\left| {A\cos \beta d} \right|\cos \left( {\omega t + \varphi (z)} \right)
v(t,d)=Acosβdcos(ωt+φ)=∣Acosβd∣cos(ωt+φ(z))
其幅度值在z轴上的分布如图所示:
在传输线的任意点上为幅度不同的正弦波
振幅最大处称为波腹
max
∣
A
cos
β
d
∣
=
∣
A
∣
\max \left| {A\cos \beta d} \right|{\rm{ = }}\left| {\rm{A}} \right|
max∣Acosβd∣=∣A∣
振幅最小处称为波节
min
∣
A
cos
β
d
∣
=
0
\min \left| {A\cos \beta d} \right|{\rm{ = }}0
min∣Acosβd∣=0
波节处没有正弦波的存在
这意味着波仅仅在原地振动,而不向前传播。
电压传播的一般形式
驻波比
S
W
R
∈
[
1
,
∞
)
SWR∈[1,∞)
SWR∈[1,∞) ?
S
W
R
=
∣
V
M
A
X
∣
∣
V
M
I
N
∣
=
1
+
∣
Γ
0
∣
1
−
∣
Γ
0
∣
⇒
∣
Γ
0
∣
=
S
W
R
−
1
S
W
R
+
1
SWR = \frac{{\left| {{V_{MAX}}} \right|}}{{\left| {{V_{MIN}}} \right|}} = \frac{{1 + \left| {{\Gamma _0}} \right|}}{{1 - \left| {{\Gamma _0}} \right|}} \Rightarrow \left| {{\Gamma _0}} \right| = \frac{{SWR - 1}}{{SWR + 1}}
SWR=∣VMIN∣∣VMAX∣=1−∣Γ0∣1+∣Γ0∣⇒∣Γ0∣=SWR+1SWR−1★
开路线、短路线、四分之一波长传输线
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
+
V
0
−
e
γ
z
=
V
0
+
e
−
γ
z
{
1
+
Γ
0
e
2
γ
z
}
V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{\gamma z}} = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - \gamma z}}\left\{ {1 + {\Gamma _0}^{}{e^{2\gamma z}}} \right\}
V(z)=V0+e−γz+V0−eγz=V0+e−γz{1+Γ0e2γz}★
I
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
γ
z
−
V
0
−
Z
0
e
γ
z
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
γ
z
{
1
−
Γ
0
e
2
γ
z
}
I(z) = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - \gamma z}} - \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{\gamma z}} = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - \gamma z}}\left\{ {1 - {\Gamma _0}^{}{e^{2\gamma z}}} \right\}
I(z)=Z0V0+e−γz−Z0V0−eγz=Z0V0+e−γz{1−Γ0e2γz}★
Z d = V ( − d ) I ( − d ) = Z 0 1 + Γ 0 e − 2 γ d 1 − Γ 0 e − 2 γ d = Z 0 1 + Γ ( − d ) 1 − Γ ( − d ) {Z_d} = \frac{{V( - d)}}{{I( - d)}} = {Z_0}\frac{{1 + {\Gamma _0}^{}{e^{ - 2\gamma d}}}}{{1 - {\Gamma _0}^{}{e^{ - 2\gamma d}}}} = {Z_0}\frac{{1 + \Gamma ( - d)}}{{1 - \Gamma ( - d)}} Zd=I(−d)V(−d)=Z01−Γ0e−2γd1+Γ0e−2γd=Z01−Γ(−d)1+Γ(−d)★
对于无耗传输线 注意公式中 d 的方向。
Z
d
=
Z
0
1
+
Γ
0
e
−
j
2
β
d
1
−
Γ
0
e
−
j
2
β
d
=
Z
0
1
+
Z
L
−
Z
0
Z
L
+
Z
0
e
−
j
2
β
d
1
−
Z
L
−
Z
0
Z
L
+
Z
0
e
−
j
2
β
d
=
Z
0
(
Z
L
+
Z
0
)
+
(
Z
L
−
Z
0
)
e
−
j
2
β
d
(
Z
L
+
Z
0
)
−
(
Z
L
−
Z
0
)
e
−
j
2
β
d
=
Z
0
Z
L
cos
β
d
+
j
Z
0
sin
β
d
Z
0
cos
β
d
+
j
Z
L
sin
β
d
=
Z
0
Z
L
+
j
Z
0
t
g
β
d
Z
0
+
j
Z
L
t
g
β
d
{Z_d} = {Z_0}\frac{{1 + {\Gamma _0}^{}{e^{ - j2\beta d}}}}{{1 - {\Gamma _0}^{}{e^{ - j2\beta d}}}} = {Z_0}\frac{{1 + \frac{{{Z_L} - {Z_0}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_0}}}{e^{ - j2\beta d}}}}{{1 - \frac{{{Z_L} - {Z_0}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_0}}}{e^{ - j2\beta d}}}}\\ = {Z_0}\frac{{\left( {{Z_L} + {Z_0}} \right) + \left( {{Z_L} - {Z_0}} \right){e^{ - j2\beta d}}}}{{\left( {{Z_L} + {Z_0}} \right) - \left( {{Z_L} - {Z_0}} \right){e^{ - j2\beta d}}}} \\ = {Z_0}\frac{{{Z_L}\cos \beta d + j{Z_0}\sin \beta d}}{{{Z_0}\cos \beta d + j{Z_L}\sin \beta d}} \\ = {Z_0}\frac{{{Z_L} + j{Z_0}tg\beta d}}{{{Z_0} + j{Z_L}tg\beta d}}
Zd=Z01−Γ0e−j2βd1+Γ0e−j2βd=Z01−ZL+Z0ZL−Z0e−j2βd1+ZL+Z0ZL−Z0e−j2βd=Z0(ZL+Z0)−(ZL−Z0)e−j2βd(ZL+Z0)+(ZL−Z0)e−j2βd=Z0Z0cosβd+jZLsinβdZLcosβd+jZ0sinβd=Z0Z0+jZLtgβdZL+jZ0tgβd
Z
i
n
≡
Z
d
=
Z
0
Z
L
+
j
Z
0
t
g
β
d
Z
0
+
j
Z
L
t
g
β
d
{Z_{in}} \equiv {Z_d} = {Z_0}\frac{{{Z_L} + j{Z_0}tg\beta d}}{{{Z_0} + j{Z_L}tg\beta d}}
Zin≡Zd=Z0Z0+jZLtgβdZL+jZ0tgβd★
阻抗匹配时
Z
i
n
=
Z
0
{Z_{in}} = {Z_0}
Zin=Z0★
d
=
∣
l
∣
{\rm{ }}d = \left| l \right|
d=∣l∣
β
d
=
2
π
λ
d
\beta d = \frac{{2\pi }}{\lambda }d
βd=λ2πd
终端短路传输线
Z
L
=
0
{Z_L} = 0
ZL=0★
Z
i
n
0
=
j
Z
0
t
g
β
d
{Z_{in0}} = j{Z_0}tg\beta d
Zin0=jZ0tgβd
d
=
λ
4
⇒
β
d
=
π
2
⇒
Z
i
n
→
∞
d = \frac{\lambda }{4} \Rightarrow \beta d = \frac{\pi }{2} \Rightarrow {Z_{in}} \to \infty
d=4λ⇒βd=2π⇒Zin→∞
d
=
λ
2
⇒
β
d
=
π
⇒
Z
i
n
=
0
d = \frac{\lambda }{2} \Rightarrow \beta d = \pi \Rightarrow {Z_{in}} = 0
d=2λ⇒βd=π⇒Zin=0
Z
i
n
(
d
)
{Z_{in}}(d)
Zin(d)的周期=
λ
2
\frac{\lambda }{2}
2λ
终端开路的传输线
Z
L
→
∞
{Z_L} \to \infty
ZL→∞★
Z
i
n
∞
=
Z
0
Z
L
+
j
Z
0
t
g
β
d
Z
0
+
j
Z
L
t
g
β
d
=
−
j
Z
0
c
t
g
β
d
{Z_{in\infty}} = {Z_0}\frac{{{Z_L} + j{Z_0}tg\beta d}}{{{Z_0} + j{Z_L}tg\beta d}} = {\rm{ - }}j{Z_0}ctg\beta d
Zin∞=Z0Z0+jZLtgβdZL+jZ0tgβd=−jZ0ctgβd
1
/
j
=
−
j
1/j=-j
1/j=−j
特征阻抗
Z
0
=
Z
i
n
0
Z
i
n
∞
{Z_0} = \sqrt {{Z_{in0}}{Z_{in\infty }}}
Z0=Zin0Zin∞
无论对分布参数网络还是集总参数网络都可以这样定义
当终端匹配时,输入阻抗等于特征阻抗
1/4波长传输线
t
g
β
d
→
∞
tg\beta d \to \infty
tgβd→∞★
Z
i
n
=
Z
0
Z
L
+
j
Z
0
t
g
β
d
Z
0
+
j
Z
L
t
g
β
d
=
Z
0
2
Z
L
{Z_{in}} = {Z_0}\frac{{{Z_L} + j{Z_0}tg\beta d}}{{{Z_0} + j{Z_L}tg\beta d}} = \frac{{Z_0^2}}{{{Z_L}}}
Zin=Z0Z0+jZLtgβdZL+jZ0tgβd=ZLZ02★
一般说来Z0为纯电阻,实数
因此四分之一波长传输线可看成阻抗变换器,终端端接电容,输入端呈电感特性。一端开路,另一端短路。
★★★ | 阻抗圆图 | 导纳圆图 | |
---|---|---|---|
圆心在上半平面1/x>0 | 电感性 | 电抗x>0 | 电纳b<0 |
圆心在下半平面1/x<0 | 电容性 | 电抗x<0 | 电纳b>0 |
1/2波长的端接传输线
t
g
β
d
=
0
tg\beta d = 0
tgβd=0★
Z
i
n
=
Z
0
Z
L
+
j
Z
0
t
g
β
d
Z
0
+
j
Z
L
t
g
β
d
=
Z
L
{Z_{in}} = {Z_0}\frac{{{Z_L} + j{Z_0}tg\beta d}}{{{Z_0} + j{Z_L}tg\beta d}} = {Z_L}
Zin=Z0Z0+jZLtgβdZL+jZ0tgβd=ZL
传输线常用公式和近似值★★★
传输线参数一般工程近似值(标称值):
γ
=
[
R
+
j
ω
L
]
[
G
+
j
ω
C
]
=
α
+
j
β
,
α
≈
0
,
β
≈
ω
L
C
\gamma {\rm{ = }}\sqrt {\left[ {R + j\omega L} \right]\left[ {G + j\omega C} \right]} = \alpha + j\beta,\alpha \approx {\rm{0 }},\beta \approx \omega \sqrt {LC}
γ=[R+jωL][G+jωC]=α+jβ,α≈0,β≈ωLC
Z
0
=
[
R
+
j
ω
L
]
[
G
+
j
ω
C
]
≈
L
C
=
{
50
Ω
75
Ω
{Z_0}{\rm{ = }}\sqrt {\frac{{\left[ {R + j\omega L} \right]}}{{\left[ {G + j\omega C} \right]}}} \approx \sqrt {\frac{L}{C}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} 50\Omega \\ 75\Omega \end{array} \right.
Z0=[G+jωC][R+jωL]≈CL={50Ω75Ω
v
p
=
ω
β
≈
1
L
C
≥
0.77
v
C
{v_p}{\rm{ = }}\frac{\omega }{\beta } \approx \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }} \ge 0.77{v_C}
vp=βω≈LC1≥0.77vC
λ
=
v
p
f
=
1
f
L
C
=
2
π
β
β
=
2
π
λ
\lambda = \frac{{{v_p}}}{f} = \frac{1}{{f\sqrt {LC} }} = \frac{{2\pi }}{\beta }\beta = \frac{{2\pi }}{\lambda }
λ=fvp=fLC1=β2πβ=λ2π
无耗传输线传输线方程及参数关系
V
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
j
β
z
+
V
0
−
e
j
β
z
=
V
+
(
z
)
+
V
−
(
z
)
V(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - j\beta z}} + {V_0}^ - {e^{j\beta z}}= {V^ + }(z) + {V^ - }(z)
V(z)=V0+e−jβz+V0−ejβz=V+(z)+V−(z)
V
+
(
z
)
=
V
0
+
e
−
j
β
z
{V^ + }(z) = {V_0}^ + {e^{ - j\beta z}}
V+(z)=V0+e−jβz
V
−
(
z
)
=
V
0
−
e
j
β
z
{V^ - }(z) = {V_0}^ - {e^{j\beta z}}
V−(z)=V0−ejβz
I
(
z
)
=
I
0
+
e
−
j
β
z
+
I
0
−
e
j
β
z
=
V
0
+
Z
0
e
−
j
β
z
−
V
0
−
Z
0
e
j
β
z
I(z) = {I_0}^ + {e^{ - j\beta z}} + {I_0}^ - {e^{j\beta z}} = \frac{{{V_0}^ + }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{ - j\beta z}} - \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{Z_0}}}{e^{j\beta z}}
I(z)=I0+e−jβz+I0−ejβz=Z0V0+e−jβz−Z0V0−ejβz
I
0
+
=
V
0
+
/
V
0
+
Z
0
Z
0
{I_0}^ + = {{{V_0}^ + } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{V_0}^ + } {{Z_0}}}} \right.} {{Z_0}}}
I0+=V0+/V0+Z0Z0
I
0
−
=
−
V
0
−
/
V
0
−
Z
0
Z
0
{I_0}^ - = - {{{V_0}^ - } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{V_0}^ - } {{Z_0}}}} \right.} {{Z_0}}}
I0−=−V0−/V0−Z0Z0
Γ
0
=
Γ
(
0
)
=
V
0
−
V
0
+
=
Z
L
−
Z
0
Z
L
+
Z
0
{\Gamma _0} = \Gamma (0) = \frac{{{V_0}^ - }}{{{V_0}^ + }} = \frac{{{Z_L} - {Z_0}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_0}}}
Γ0=Γ(0)=V0+V0−=ZL+Z0ZL−Z0
Z
L
=
Z
0
1
+
Γ
0
1
−
Γ
0
{Z_L} = {Z_0}\frac{{1 + {\Gamma _0}}}{{1 - {\Gamma _0}}}
ZL=Z01−Γ01+Γ0
Γ
(
z
)
=
Γ
0
e
j
2
β
z
=
V
−
(
z
)
V
+
(
z
)
=
Z
i
n
(
z
)
−
Z
0
Z
i
n
(
z
)
+
Z
0
\Gamma (z){\rm{ = }}{\Gamma _0}{e^{j2\beta z}} = \frac{{{V^ - }(z)}}{{{V^ + }(z)}} = \frac{{{Z_{in}}(z) - {Z_0}}}{{{Z_{in}}(z) + {Z_0}}}
Γ(z)=Γ0ej2βz=V+(z)V−(z)=Zin(z)+Z0Zin(z)−Z0
Z
i
n
(
z
)
=
Z
0
1
+
Γ
(
z
)
1
−
Γ
(
z
)
=
Z
0
1
+
Γ
0
e
j
2
β
z
1
−
Γ
0
e
j
2
β
z
=
Z
0
Z
L
−
j
Z
0
t
g
β
z
Z
0
−
j
Z
L
t
g
β
z
=
Z
0
Z
L
+
j
Z
0
t
g
β
d
Z
0
+
j
Z
L
t
g
β
d
,
d
=
−
z
{Z_{in}}(z) = {Z_0}\frac{{1 + \Gamma (z)}}{{1 - \Gamma (z)}} = {Z_0}\frac{{1 + {\Gamma _0}{e^{j2\beta z}}}}{{1 - {\Gamma _0}{e^{j2\beta z}}}} = {Z_0}\frac{{{Z_L} - j{Z_0}tg\beta z}}{{{Z_0} - j{Z_L}tg\beta z}} = {Z_0}\frac{{{Z_L} + j{Z_0}tg\beta d}}{{{Z_0} + j{Z_L}tg\beta d}},d = - z
Zin(z)=Z01−Γ(z)1+Γ(z)=Z01−Γ0ej2βz1+Γ0ej2βz=Z0Z0−jZLtgβzZL−jZ0tgβz=Z0Z0+jZLtgβdZL+jZ0tgβd,d=−z
Z i n ( z ) = j Z 0 t g β d = { j Z 0 t g 2 π λ d , Z L = 0 短 路 − j Z 0 c t g 2 π λ d , Z L → ∞ 开 路 Z 0 2 Z L , d = λ / 4 , t g β d → ∞ Z L , d = λ / 2 , t g β d = 0 {Z_{in}}(z) = j{Z_0}tg\beta d = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} j{Z_0}tg\frac{{2\pi }}{\lambda }d,{Z_L} = 0短路\\ -j{Z_0}ctg\frac{{2\pi }}{\lambda }d,{Z_L} \to \infty开路\\ \frac{{Z_0^2}}{{{Z_L}}},d = \lambda/{4},tg\beta d \to \infty\\ {Z_L},d =\lambda/{2},tg\beta d = 0 \end{array} \right. Zin(z)=jZ0tgβd=⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧jZ0tgλ2πd,ZL=0短路−jZ0ctgλ2πd,ZL→∞开路ZLZ02,d=λ/4,tgβd→∞ZL,d=λ/2,tgβd=0
S W R = 1 + ∣ Γ ∣ 1 − ∣ Γ ∣ ⇒ ∣ Γ ∣ = S W R − 1 S W R + 1 SWR = \frac{{1 + \left| \Gamma \right|}}{{1 - \left| \Gamma \right|}}{\rm{ }} \Rightarrow {\rm{ }}\left| \Gamma \right| = \frac{{SWR - 1}}{{SWR + 1}} SWR=1−∣Γ∣1+∣Γ∣⇒∣Γ∣=SWR+1SWR−1
作业
《射频电路设计——理论与应用》
第二章中习题2.16, 2.19,2.25,2.28 2.31,2.33