这里写目录标题
电路图
信号流图
反射系数
Γ
n
=
Z
n
−
Z
0
Z
n
+
Z
0
{\Gamma _n} = \frac{{Z{{\kern 1pt} _n} - Z{{\kern 1pt} _{\rm{0}}}}}{{Z{{\kern 1pt} _n} + Z{{\kern 1pt} _{\rm{0}}}}}
Γn=Zn+Z0Zn−Z0★
阻抗
Z
n
=
Z
0
1
+
Γ
n
1
−
Γ
n
{Z_n} = Z{{\kern 1pt} _{\rm{0}}}\frac{{1 + {\Gamma _n}}}{{1 - {\Gamma _n}}}
Zn=Z01−Γn1+Γn★
入/反射电压、电流与波
V
n
+
=
Z
0
a
n
{V_n}^ + = \sqrt {{Z_0}} {a_n}
Vn+=Z0an
V
n
−
=
Z
0
b
n
{V_n}^ - = \sqrt {{Z_0}} {b_n}
Vn−=Z0bn
端口电压与入/反射电压
V
n
=
V
n
+
+
V
n
−
=
a
n
Z
0
(
1
+
Γ
n
)
{V_n} = V_n^ + + V_n^ - = {a_n}\sqrt {{Z_0}} \left( {1 + {\Gamma _n}} \right)
Vn=Vn++Vn−=anZ0(1+Γn)
电源电压与入/反射电压
V
i
n
=
V
i
n
+
+
V
i
n
−
=
V
S
Z
i
n
Z
S
+
Z
i
n
=
V
S
(
1
−
Γ
S
)
2
(
1
−
Γ
S
Γ
i
n
)
(
1
+
Γ
i
n
)
{V_{in}} = V_{in}^ + + V_{in}^ - = {V_S}\frac{{{Z_{in}}}}{{{Z_S} + {Z_{in}}}} = \frac{{{V_S}\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right)}}{{2\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _{in}}} \right)}}\left( {1 + {\Gamma _{in}}} \right)
Vin=Vin++Vin−=VSZS+ZinZin=2(1−ΓSΓin)VS(1−ΓS)(1+Γin)
V
i
n
+
=
V
S
2
1
−
Γ
S
1
−
Γ
S
Γ
i
n
V_{in}^ + = \frac{{{V_S}}}{2}\frac{{1 - {\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _{in}}}}
Vin+=2VS1−ΓSΓin1−ΓS
V
i
n
−
=
Γ
i
n
V
i
n
+
V_{in}^ - = {\Gamma _{in}}V_{in}^ +
Vin−=ΓinVin+
电源参量关系
b
S
=
V
S
2
Z
0
(
1
−
Γ
S
)
=
V
S
Z
0
Z
S
+
Z
0
{b_S} = \frac{{{V_S}}}{{2\sqrt {{Z_0}} }}\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right) = \frac{{{V_S}\sqrt {{Z_0}} }}{{{Z_S} + {Z_0}}}
bS=2Z0VS(1−ΓS)=ZS+Z0VSZ0
负载参量关系
V
L
=
b
o
u
t
Z
0
(
1
+
Γ
L
)
{V_L} = {b_{out}}\sqrt {{Z_0}} \left( {1 + {\Gamma _L}} \right)
VL=boutZ0(1+ΓL)
放大器输入反射系数
Γ
i
n
=
b
′
S
b
S
{\Gamma _{in}} = \frac{{{{b'}_S}}}{{{b_S}}}
Γin=bSb′S
Δ
0
=
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
{\Delta _0} = 1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}
Δ0=1−S22ΓL
P
1
=
S
11
{P_1} = {S_{11}}
P1=S11
Δ
1
=
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
{\Delta _1} = 1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}
Δ1=1−S22ΓL
P
2
=
S
21
S
12
Γ
L
{P_2} = {S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _L}
P2=S21S12ΓL
Δ
2
=
1
{\Delta _2} = 1
Δ2=1
Γ
i
n
=
P
1
Δ
1
+
P
2
Δ
2
Δ
0
=
S
11
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
=
S
11
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
=
S
11
−
Δ
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
{\Gamma _{in}} = \frac{{{P_1}{\Delta _1} + {P_2}{\Delta _2}}}{{{\Delta _0}}}{\rm{ = }}\frac{{{S_{11}}\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right) + {S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}\\ = {S_{11}} + \frac{{{S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}} = \frac{{{S_{11}} - \Delta {\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}
Γin=Δ0P1Δ1+P2Δ2=1−S22ΓLS11(1−S22ΓL)+S21S12ΓL=S11+1−S22ΓLS21S12ΓL=1−S22ΓLS11−ΔΓL★
放大器输出反射系数
Γ
out
=
b
S
′
b
S
\Gamma_{\text {out}}=\frac{b_{S}^{\prime}}{b_{S}}
Γout=bSbS′
Δ
0
=
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
\Delta_{0}=1-S_{11} \Gamma_{S}
Δ0=1−S11ΓS
P
1
=
S
22
P_{1}=S_{22}
P1=S22
Δ
1
=
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
\Delta_{1}=1-S_{11} \Gamma_{S}
Δ1=1−S11ΓS
P
2
=
S
21
S
12
Γ
S
P_{2}=S_{21} S_{12} \Gamma_{S}
P2=S21S12ΓS
Δ
2
=
1
\Delta_{2}=1
Δ2=1
Γ
o
u
t
=
P
1
Δ
1
+
P
2
Δ
2
Δ
0
=
S
22
(
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
)
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
=
S
22
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
=
S
22
−
Δ
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
{\Gamma _{out}} = \frac{{{P_1}{\Delta _1} + {P_2}{\Delta _2}}}{{{\Delta _0}}}{\rm{ = }}\frac{{{S_{22}}\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right) + {S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}}\\ = {S_{22}} + \frac{{{S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}} = \frac{{{S_{22}} - \Delta {\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}}
Γout=Δ0P1Δ1+P2Δ2=1−S11ΓSS22(1−S11ΓS)+S21S12ΓS=S22+1−S11ΓSS21S12ΓS=1−S11ΓSS22−ΔΓS★
Δ
=
S
11
S
22
−
S
12
S
21
\Delta=S_{11} S_{22}-S_{12} S_{21}
Δ=S11S22−S12S21★
信号流图中的传递函数
Δ
0
=
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
−
S
22
Γ
L
−
S
12
S
21
Γ
S
Γ
L
+
S
11
S
22
Γ
S
Γ
L
P
1
=
S
21
{\Delta _{{\rm{ 0}}}} = 1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S} - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L} - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L} + {S_{11}}{S_{22}}{\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L}\\ {P_1} = {S_{21}}
Δ0=1−S11ΓS−S22ΓL−S12S21ΓSΓL+S11S22ΓSΓLP1=S21
Δ
1
=
1
{\Delta _1} = 1
Δ1=1
G
=
b
o
u
t
b
S
=
S
21
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
−
S
22
Γ
L
−
S
12
S
21
Γ
S
Γ
L
+
S
11
S
22
Γ
S
Γ
L
=
S
21
(
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
)
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
−
S
12
S
21
Γ
S
Γ
L
G = \frac{{{b_{out}}}}{{{b_S}}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S} - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L} - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L} + {S_{11}}{S_{22}}{\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L}}}\\ = \frac{{{S_{21}}}}{{\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right)\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right) - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L}}}
G=bSbout=1−S11ΓS−S22ΓL−S12S21ΓSΓL+S11S22ΓSΓLS21=(1−S11ΓS)(1−S22ΓL)−S12S21ΓSΓLS21
变换成源到负载的电压增益
b
o
u
t
b
S
=
S
21
(
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
)
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
−
S
12
S
21
Γ
S
Γ
L
V
L
Z
0
(
1
+
Γ
L
)
V
S
2
Z
0
(
1
−
Γ
S
)
=
S
21
(
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
)
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
−
S
12
S
21
Γ
S
Γ
L
\frac{{{b_{out}}}}{{{b_S}}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}}}{{\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right)\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right) - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L}}}\\ \frac{{\frac{{{V_L}}}{{\sqrt {{Z_0}} \left( {1 + {\Gamma _L}} \right)}}}}{{\frac{{{V_S}}}{{2\sqrt {{Z_0}} }}\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right)}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}}}{{\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right)\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right) - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L}}}
bSbout=(1−S11ΓS)(1−S22ΓL)−S12S21ΓSΓLS212Z0VS(1−ΓS)Z0(1+ΓL)VL=(1−S11ΓS)(1−S22ΓL)−S12S21ΓSΓLS21
放大器的电压增益
G
V
S
=
V
L
V
S
=
S
21
(
1
+
Γ
L
)
(
1
−
Γ
S
)
2
[
(
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
)
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
−
S
12
S
21
Γ
S
Γ
L
]
=
S
21
(
1
+
Γ
L
)
(
1
−
Γ
S
)
2
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
[
1
−
Γ
S
(
S
11
+
S
12
S
21
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
]
=
S
21
(
1
+
Γ
L
)
(
1
−
Γ
S
)
2
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
[
1
−
Γ
S
Γ
i
n
]
=
S
21
(
1
+
Γ
L
)
(
1
−
Γ
S
)
2
(
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
)
[
1
−
Γ
L
Γ
o
u
t
]
{G_{VS}} = \frac{{{V_L}}}{{{V_S}}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}\left( {1 + {\Gamma _L}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right)}}{{2\left[ {\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right)\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right) - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L}} \right]}}\\ = \frac{{{S_{21}}\left( {1 + {\Gamma _L}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right)}}{{2\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right)\left[ {1 - {\Gamma _S}\left( {{S_{11}} + \frac{{{S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}} \right)} \right]}}\\ = \frac{{{S_{21}}\left( {1 + {\Gamma _L}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right)}}{{2\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right)\left[ {1 - {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _{in}}} \right]}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}\left( {1 + {\Gamma _L}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right)}}{{2\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right)\left[ {1 - {\Gamma _L}{\Gamma _{out}}} \right]}}
GVS=VSVL=2[(1−S11ΓS)(1−S22ΓL)−S12S21ΓSΓL]S21(1+ΓL)(1−ΓS)=2(1−S22ΓL)[1−ΓS(S11+1−S22ΓLS12S21ΓL)]S21(1+ΓL)(1−ΓS)=2(1−S22ΓL)[1−ΓSΓin]S21(1+ΓL)(1−ΓS)=2(1−S11ΓS)[1−ΓLΓout]S21(1+ΓL)(1−ΓS)
9.1 放大器的稳定性
放大器输入反射系数
Γ
i
n
=
S
11
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
=
S
11
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
=
S
11
−
Δ
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
{\Gamma _{in}} = \frac{{{S_{11}}\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right) + {S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}\\ = {S_{11}} + \frac{{{S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}} = \frac{{{S_{11}} - \Delta {\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}
Γin=1−S22ΓLS11(1−S22ΓL)+S21S12ΓL=S11+1−S22ΓLS21S12ΓL=1−S22ΓLS11−ΔΓL★
放大器输出反射系数
Γ
o
u
t
=
S
22
(
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
)
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
=
S
22
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
=
S
22
−
Δ
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
{\Gamma _{out}} = \frac{{{S_{22}}\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right) + {S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}}\\ = {S_{22}} + \frac{{{S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}} = \frac{{{S_{22}} - \Delta {\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}}
Γout=1−S11ΓSS22(1−S11ΓS)+S21S12ΓS=S22+1−S11ΓSS21S12ΓS=1−S11ΓSS22−ΔΓS★
S参数是放大器的内部参数
Γ
S
{\Gamma _S}
ΓS、
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL是信号源及负载参数,作为放大器的外部参数
放大器稳定性研究就是研究放大器增益极点与这些参数的关系。
单向传输放大器 S 12 = 0 {S_{12}} = 0 S12=0
放大器输入反射系数
Γ
i
n
=
S
11
{\Gamma _{in}} = {S_{11}}
Γin=S11
放大器输出反射系数
Γ
o
u
t
=
S
22
{\Gamma _{out}} = {S_{22}}
Γout=S22
放大器的电压增益
G
V
S
=
S
21
(
1
+
Γ
L
)
(
1
−
Γ
S
)
2
(
1
−
Γ
i
n
Γ
S
)
(
1
−
Γ
o
u
t
Γ
L
)
{G_{VS}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}\left( {1 + {\Gamma _L}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right)}}{{2\left( {1 - {\Gamma _{in}}{\Gamma _S}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _{out}}{\Gamma _L}} \right)}}
GVS=2(1−ΓinΓS)(1−ΓoutΓL)S21(1+ΓL)(1−ΓS)
如果
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
≥
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| \ge 1
∣Γin∣≥1或
∣
Γ
o
u
t
∣
≥
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{out}}} \right| \ge 1
∣Γout∣≥1
就可能存在某个
Γ
S
{\Gamma _S}
ΓS或
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL
使得
1
−
Γ
i
n
Γ
S
=
0
1 - {\Gamma _{in}}{\Gamma _S} = 0
1−ΓinΓS=0或
1
−
Γ
o
u
t
Γ
L
=
0
1 - {\Gamma _{out}}{\Gamma _L} = 0
1−ΓoutΓL=0
从而使放大器出现极点,成为不稳定因素。
一般放大器模型 S 12 ≠ 0 {S_{12}} ≠ 0 S12=0
放大器输入反射系数
Γ
i
n
=
S
11
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
=
S
11
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
=
S
11
−
Δ
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
{\Gamma _{in}} = \frac{{{S_{11}}\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right) + {S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}\\ = {S_{11}} + \frac{{{S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}} = \frac{{{S_{11}} - \Delta {\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}
Γin=1−S22ΓLS11(1−S22ΓL)+S21S12ΓL=S11+1−S22ΓLS21S12ΓL=1−S22ΓLS11−ΔΓL★
放大器输出反射系数
Γ
o
u
t
=
S
22
(
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
)
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
=
S
22
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
=
S
22
−
Δ
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
{\Gamma _{out}} = \frac{{{S_{22}}\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right) + {S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}}\\ = {S_{22}} + \frac{{{S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}} = \frac{{{S_{22}} - \Delta {\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}}
Γout=1−S11ΓSS22(1−S11ΓS)+S21S12ΓS=S22+1−S11ΓSS21S12ΓS=1−S11ΓSS22−ΔΓS★
放大器的电压增益
显然
(
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
)
=
0
\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right)=0
(1−S11ΓS)=0或
(
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
)
=
0
\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right)=0
(1−S22ΓL)=0不是增益极点
也只需对
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
≥
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| \ge 1
∣Γin∣≥1或
∣
Γ
o
u
t
∣
≥
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{out}}} \right| \ge 1
∣Γout∣≥1的情况进行分析
又因为
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL、
Γ
S
{\Gamma _S}
ΓS的无源特性有
∣
Γ
L
∣
≤
1
\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right| \le 1
∣ΓL∣≤1、
∣
Γ
S
∣
≤
1
\left| {{\Gamma _S}} \right| \le 1
∣ΓS∣≤1
所以只需
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| < 1
∣Γin∣<1、
∣
Γ
o
u
t
∣
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{out}}} \right| < 1
∣Γout∣<1
便可使放大器工作于稳定状态
由于放大器的输入输入阻抗受信号源阻抗和负载阻抗的影响,因此稳定性分为两类
1、绝对稳定:
在任何外部条件下满足稳定条件
2、条件稳定:
在限定外部条件下(外部接入阻抗范围)满足稳定条件
9.1.1.1 稳定性判定圆 教材316页 PDF332页
输入反射系数 Γ i n {\Gamma _{in}} Γin
用图像表示输入反射系数
Γ
i
n
{\Gamma _{in}}
Γin与负载的关系,以及输出阻抗与源阻抗的关系
从而确定放大器稳定条件。
放大器输入反射系数
Γ
i
n
=
S
11
+
S
12
S
21
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
=
S
11
−
Δ
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
⇔
Γ
L
=
S
11
−
Γ
i
n
Δ
−
S
22
Γ
i
n
{\Gamma _{in}} = {S_{11}} + \frac{{{S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}{\rm{ = }} \frac{{{S_{11}} - \Delta {\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}} \Leftrightarrow {\Gamma _L} = \frac{{{S_{11}} - {\Gamma _{in}}}}{{\Delta - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _{in}}}}
Γin=S11+1−S22ΓLS12S21ΓL=1−S22ΓLS11−ΔΓL⇔ΓL=Δ−S22ΓinS11−Γin
上述方程的可逆性意味着当放大器的S参数确定时
放大器输入反射系数
Γ
i
n
{\Gamma _{in}}
Γin与负载反射系数
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL是一一对应的,即
Γ
i
n
{\Gamma _{in}}
Γin平面上的一个点对应了
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上的唯一一个点,反之亦然。
Γ
i
n
{\Gamma _{in}}
Γin平面上的圆
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| = 1
∣Γin∣=1对应
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上的圆
∣
S
11
−
Δ
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
∣
=
1
\left| {\frac{{{S_{11}} - \Delta {\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}} \right| = 1
∣∣∣1−S22ΓLS11−ΔΓL∣∣∣=1
推导|S11|<1时的绝对稳定
推导|S11|<1时的绝对稳定
放大器输入反射系数
Γ
i
n
=
S
11
+
S
12
S
21
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
=
S
11
−
Δ
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
{\Gamma _{in}} = {S_{11}} + \frac{{{S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}{\rm{ = }} \frac{{{S_{11}} - \Delta {\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}
Γin=S11+1−S22ΓLS12S21ΓL=1−S22ΓLS11−ΔΓL
当
∣
S
11
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{11}}} \right| < 1
∣S11∣<1时,
Γ
L
=
0
{\Gamma _L} = 0
ΓL=0对应的点
在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上,在
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| =1
∣Γin∣=1的A圆外
在
Γ
i
n
{\Gamma _{in}}
Γin平面上,在
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
∣
S
11
∣
Γ
L
=
0
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| = {\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|_{{\Gamma _L} = 0}} < 1
∣Γin∣=∣S11∣ΓL=0<1的C圆内
也就是说,C圆内的点→A圆外的点
放大器稳定对输入端阻抗应满足
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| < 1
∣Γin∣<1、
∣
Γ
L
∣
≤
1
\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right| \le 1
∣ΓL∣≤1
所以在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上,在
∣
Γ
L
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{L}}} \right| =1
∣ΓL∣=1的B圆内
即同时满足在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上的
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL点既在B圆内,又在A圆外,也就是左图的阴影区内
推导|S11|>1时的绝对稳定
推导|S11|>1时的绝对稳定
当
∣
S
11
∣
>
1
\left| {{S_{11}}} \right| > 1
∣S11∣>1时,
Γ
L
=
0
{\Gamma _L} = 0
ΓL=0对应的点
在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上,在
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| =1
∣Γin∣=1的A圆外
在
Γ
i
n
{\Gamma _{in}}
Γin平面上,在
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
∣
S
11
∣
Γ
L
=
0
>
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| = {\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|_{{\Gamma _L} = 0}} > 1
∣Γin∣=∣S11∣ΓL=0>1的C圆外
也就是说,C圆内的点→A圆内的点
放大器稳定对输入端阻抗应满足
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| < 1
∣Γin∣<1、
∣
Γ
L
∣
≤
1
\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right| \le 1
∣ΓL∣≤1
所以在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上,在
∣
Γ
L
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{L}}} \right| =1
∣ΓL∣=1的B圆内
即同时满足在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上的
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL点既在B圆内,又在A圆内,也就是左图的阴影区内
当
∣
S
11
∣
>
1
\left| {{S_{11}}} \right| > 1
∣S11∣>1时,
Γ
L
=
0
{\Gamma _L} = 0
ΓL=0对应的点
在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上,在
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| =1
∣Γin∣=1的A圆内
在
Γ
i
n
{\Gamma _{in}}
Γin平面上,在
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
∣
S
11
∣
Γ
L
=
0
>
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| = {\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|_{{\Gamma _L} = 0}} > 1
∣Γin∣=∣S11∣ΓL=0>1的C圆外
也就是说,C圆内的点→A圆外的点
放大器稳定对输入端阻抗应满足
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| < 1
∣Γin∣<1、
∣
Γ
L
∣
≤
1
\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right| \le 1
∣ΓL∣≤1
所以在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上,在
∣
Γ
L
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{L}}} \right| =1
∣ΓL∣=1的B圆内
即同时满足在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上的
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL点既在B圆内,又在A圆外,也就是左图的阴影区内
当
∣
S
11
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{11}}} \right| < 1
∣S11∣<1时,
Γ
L
=
0
{\Gamma _L} = 0
ΓL=0对应的点
在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上,在
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| =1
∣Γin∣=1的A圆内
在
Γ
i
n
{\Gamma _{in}}
Γin平面上,在
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
∣
S
11
∣
Γ
L
=
0
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| = {\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|_{{\Gamma _L} = 0}} < 1
∣Γin∣=∣S11∣ΓL=0<1的C圆内
也就是说,C圆内的点→A圆内的点
放大器稳定对输入端阻抗应满足
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| < 1
∣Γin∣<1、
∣
Γ
L
∣
≤
1
\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right| \le 1
∣ΓL∣≤1
所以在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上,在
∣
Γ
L
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{L}}} \right| =1
∣ΓL∣=1的B圆内
即同时满足在
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL平面上的
Γ
L
{\Gamma _L}
ΓL点既在B圆内,又在A圆内,也就是左图的阴影区内
稳定对比表
稳定对比表
∥ S 11 ∥ \| {{S_{11}}} \| ∥S11∥ | Γ L = 0 {\Gamma _L} = 0 ΓL=0对应的点 | Γ L = 0 {\Gamma _L} = 0 ΓL=0对应的点 | 稳定区 ∥ Γ i n ∥ < 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| < 1 ∥Γin∥<1、 ∥ Γ L ∥ ≤ 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _L}} \right\| \le 1 ∥ΓL∥≤1 | 稳定区 ∥ Γ i n ∥ < 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| < 1 ∥Γin∥<1、 ∥ Γ L ∥ ≤ 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _L}} \right\| \le 1 ∥ΓL∥≤1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
在 Γ L {\Gamma _L} ΓL平面上的 | 在 Γ i n {\Gamma _{in}} Γin平面上的 | 在 Γ L {\Gamma _L} ΓL平面上的 | 在 Γ L {\Gamma _L} ΓL平面上的 | |
∥ Γ i n ∥ = 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| =1 ∥Γin∥=1的圆 即A圆 | ∥ Γ i n ∥ = ∥ S 11 ∥ Γ L = 0 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| = {\left\| {{S_{11}}} \right\|_{{\Gamma _L} = 0}} ∥Γin∥=∥S11∥ΓL=0的圆 即C圆 | ∥ Γ L ∥ = 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{L}}} \right\| =1 ∥ΓL∥=1的圆 即B圆 | ∥ Γ i n ∥ = 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| =1 ∥Γin∥=1的圆 即A圆 | |
< 1 | 外 | 内 | 内 | 外 |
> 1 | 外 | 外 | 内 | 内 |
< 1 | 内 | 内 | 内 | 内 |
> 1 | 内 | 外 | 内 | 外 |
输出反射系数 Γ o u t {\Gamma _{out}} Γout
放大器输出反射系数
Γ
o
u
t
=
S
22
+
S
21
S
12
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
=
S
22
−
Δ
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
{\Gamma _{out}} = {S_{22}} + \frac{{{S_{21}}{S_{12}}{\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}} = \frac{{{S_{22}} - \Delta {\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}}
Γout=S22+1−S11ΓSS21S12ΓS=1−S11ΓSS22−ΔΓS
输出稳定条件
∣
Γ
o
u
t
∣
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{out}}} \right| < 1
∣Γout∣<1且
∣
Γ
S
∣
≤
1
\left| {{\Gamma _S}} \right| \le 1
∣ΓS∣≤1
9.1.1.2 绝对稳定
放大器输入反射系数
Γ
i
n
=
S
11
+
S
12
S
21
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
=
S
11
−
Δ
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
{\Gamma _{in}} = {S_{11}} + \frac{{{S_{12}}{S_{21}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}{\rm{ = }} \frac{{{S_{11}} - \Delta {\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}
Γin=S11+1−S22ΓLS12S21ΓL=1−S22ΓLS11−ΔΓL
无论放大器输入输出接任何无源负载,都能保证放大器稳定。
即只要
∣
Γ
S
∣
≤
1
\left| {{\Gamma _S}} \right| \le 1
∣ΓS∣≤1、
∣
Γ
L
∣
≤
1
\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right| \le 1
∣ΓL∣≤1就一定满足
∣
Γ
o
u
t
∣
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{out}}} \right| < 1
∣Γout∣<1、
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
<
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| < 1
∣Γin∣<1★★★★
输入端
∥ S 11 ∥ \| {{S_{11}}} \| ∥S11∥ | Γ L = 0 {\Gamma _L} = 0 ΓL=0对应的点 | Γ L = 0 {\Gamma _L} = 0 ΓL=0对应的点 | 稳定区 ∥ Γ i n ∥ < 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| < 1 ∥Γin∥<1、 ∥ Γ L ∥ ≤ 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _L}} \right\| \le 1 ∥ΓL∥≤1 | 稳定区 ∥ Γ i n ∥ < 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| < 1 ∥Γin∥<1、 ∥ Γ L ∥ ≤ 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _L}} \right\| \le 1 ∥ΓL∥≤1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
在 Γ L {\Gamma _L} ΓL平面上的 | 在 Γ i n {\Gamma _{in}} Γin平面上的 | 在 Γ L {\Gamma _L} ΓL平面上的 | 在 Γ L {\Gamma _L} ΓL平面上的 | |
∥ Γ i n ∥ = 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| =1 ∥Γin∥=1的圆 即A圆 | ∥ Γ i n ∥ = ∥ S 11 ∥ Γ L = 0 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| = {\left\| {{S_{11}}} \right\|_{{\Gamma _L} = 0}} ∥Γin∥=∥S11∥ΓL=0的圆 即C圆 | ∥ Γ L ∥ = 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{L}}} \right\| =1 ∥ΓL∥=1的圆 即B圆 | ∥ Γ i n ∥ = 1 \left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| =1 ∥Γin∥=1的圆 即A圆 | |
< 1 | 外 | 内 | 内 | 外 |
> 1 | 外 | 外 | 内 | 内 |
< 1 | 内 | 内 | 内 | 内 |
> 1 | 内 | 外 | 内 | 外 |
推导|S11|<1时的绝对稳定
当|S11|<1时,满足输入端稳定的图形为
左边是| < 1 | 外 | 内 | 内 | 外 |
右边是| < 1 | 内 | 内 | 内 | 内 |,
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
=
1
\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right| = 1
∣Γin∣=1的圆更大,圆心不一定在原点
就是说需满足
∣
∣
C
i
n
∣
−
r
i
n
∣
>
1
\left| {\left| {{C_{in}}} \right| - {r_{in}}} \right| > 1
∣∣Cin∣−rin∣>1
∥
Γ
i
n
∥
=
1
\left\| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right\| =1
∥Γin∥=1的圆 即A圆
圆心与圆点的距离 =
∣
C
i
n
∣
\left| {{C_{in}}} \right|
∣Cin∣
半径
r
i
n
{r_{in}}
rin
推导|S11|>1时的绝对稳定
当|S11|>1时,无绝对稳定★
输出端
绝对稳定条件
∣
S
11
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{11}}} \right| < 1
∣S11∣<1、
∣
∣
C
i
n
∣
−
r
i
n
∣
>
1
\left|\left| {{C_{in}}} \right| - {r_{in}} \right| > 1
∣∣Cin∣−rin∣>1
∣
S
22
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{22}}} \right| < 1
∣S22∣<1、
∣
∣
C
o
u
t
∣
−
r
o
u
t
∣
>
1
\left|\left| {{C_{out}}} \right| - {r_{out}}\right| > 1
∣∣Cout∣−rout∣>1
必要条件
放大器稳定因子k(Pollett 稳定因子)
k
=
1
−
∣
S
11
∣
2
−
∣
S
22
∣
2
+
∣
Δ
∣
2
2
∣
S
12
S
21
∣
>
1
k = \frac{{1 - {{\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|}^2} - {{\left| {{S_{22}}} \right|}^2} + {{\left| \Delta \right|}^2}}}{{2\left| {{S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right|}} > 1
k=2∣S12S21∣1−∣S11∣2−∣S22∣2+∣Δ∣2>1
∣
S
11
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{11}}} \right| < 1
∣S11∣<1
∣
S
22
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{22}}} \right| < 1
∣S22∣<1
充分条件
1
−
∣
S
11
∣
2
−
∣
S
12
S
21
∣
>
0
1
−
∣
S
22
∣
2
−
∣
S
12
S
21
∣
>
0
1 - {\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|^2} - \left| {{S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right| > 0\\ 1 - {\left| {{S_{22}}} \right|^2} - \left| {{S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right| > 0
1−∣S11∣2−∣S12S21∣>01−∣S22∣2−∣S12S21∣>0
∣
S
11
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{11}}} \right| < 1
∣S11∣<1
∣
S
22
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{22}}} \right| < 1
∣S22∣<1
绝对稳定工程条件
绝对稳定工程条件
放大器稳定因子k(Pollett 稳定因子)
k
=
1
−
∣
S
11
∣
2
−
∣
S
22
∣
2
+
∣
Δ
∣
2
2
∣
S
12
S
21
∣
>
1
k = \frac{{1 - {{\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|}^2} - {{\left| {{S_{22}}} \right|}^2} + {{\left| \Delta \right|}^2}}}{{2\left| {{S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right|}} > 1
k=2∣S12S21∣1−∣S11∣2−∣S22∣2+∣Δ∣2>1★
∣
Δ
∣
=
∣
S
11
S
22
−
S
12
S
21
∣
<
1
\left| \Delta \right| = \left| {{S_{11}}{S_{22}} - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right| < 1
∣Δ∣=∣S11S22−S12S21∣<1★
∣
S
11
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{11}}} \right| < 1
∣S11∣<1
∣
S
22
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{22}}} \right| < 1
∣S22∣<1
例题
放大器的S参数如下表所示
频
率
M
H
z
S
11
S
12
S
21
S
22
500
0.70
∠
−
57
∘
0.04
∠
47
∘
10.7
∠
136
∘
0.79
∠
−
33
∘
750
0.56
∠
−
78
∘
0.05
∠
33
∘
8.6
∠
122
∘
0.66
∠
−
42
∘
1000
0.46
∠
−
97
∘
0.06
∠
22
∘
7.1
∠
112
∘
0.57
∠
−
48
∘
1250
0.38
∠
−
115
∘
0.06
∠
14
∘
6.0
∠
104
∘
0.50
∠
−
52
∘
\begin{array}{l} 频率{{\rm{MHz}}}&{{{\rm{S}}_{{\rm{11}}}}}&{{{\rm{S}}_{{\rm{12}}}}}&{{{\rm{S}}_{{\rm{21}}}}}&{{{\rm{S}}_{{\rm{22}}}}}\\ {500}&{0.70\angle {\rm{ - }}{{57}^ \circ }}&{0.04\angle {{47}^ \circ }}&{10.7\angle {{136}^ \circ }}&{0.79\angle {\rm{ - }}{{33}^ \circ }}\\ {750}&{0.56\angle {\rm{ - }}{{78}^ \circ }}&{0.05\angle {{33}^ \circ }}&{8.6\angle {{122}^ \circ }}&{0.66\angle {\rm{ - }}{{42}^ \circ }}\\ {1000}&{0.46\angle {\rm{ - }}{{97}^ \circ }}&{0.06\angle {{22}^ \circ }}&{7.1\angle {{112}^ \circ }}&{0.57\angle {\rm{ - }}{{48}^ \circ }}\\ {1250}&{0.38\angle {\rm{ - }}{{115}^ \circ }}&{0.06\angle {{14}^ \circ }}&{6.0\angle {{104}^ \circ }}&{0.50\angle {\rm{ - }}{{52}^ \circ }} \end{array}
频率MHz50075010001250S110.70∠−57∘0.56∠−78∘0.46∠−97∘0.38∠−115∘S120.04∠47∘0.05∠33∘0.06∠22∘0.06∠14∘S2110.7∠136∘8.6∠122∘7.1∠112∘6.0∠104∘S220.79∠−33∘0.66∠−42∘0.57∠−48∘0.50∠−52∘
从题中可知各频率都满足
∣
S
11
∣
<
1
\left| {{{\rm{S}}_{{\rm{11}}}}} \right|{\rm{ < 1}}
∣S11∣<1、
∣
S
22
∣
<
1
\left| {{{\rm{S}}_{{\rm{22}}}}} \right|{\rm{ < 1}}
∣S22∣<1
k
=
1
−
∣
S
11
∣
2
−
∣
S
22
∣
2
+
∣
Δ
∣
2
2
∣
S
12
S
21
∣
k = \frac{{1 - {{\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|}^2} - {{\left| {{S_{22}}} \right|}^2} + {{\left| \Delta \right|}^2}}}{{2\left| {{S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right|}}
k=2∣S12S21∣1−∣S11∣2−∣S22∣2+∣Δ∣2
∣
Δ
∣
=
∣
S
11
S
22
−
S
12
S
21
∣
\left| \Delta \right| = \left| {{S_{11}}{S_{22}} - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right|
∣Δ∣=∣S11S22−S12S21∣
C
i
n
=
(
S
22
−
Δ
S
11
∗
)
∗
∣
S
22
∣
2
−
∣
Δ
∣
2
{C_{in}} = \frac{{{{\left( {S_{22}^{} - \Delta S_{11}^*} \right)}^*}}}{{{{\left| {S_{22}^{}} \right|}^2} - {{\left| \Delta \right|}^2}}}
Cin=∣S22∣2−∣Δ∣2(S22−ΔS11∗)∗
r
i
n
=
∣
S
12
S
21
∣
S
22
∣
2
−
∣
Δ
∣
2
∣
r_{in} = \left| {\frac{{{S_{12}}{S_{21}}}}{{{{\left| {S_{22}^{}} \right|}^2} - {{\left| \Delta \right|}^2}}}} \right|
rin=∣∣∣∣∣S22∣2−∣Δ∣2S12S21∣∣∣∣
C
o
u
t
=
(
S
11
−
Δ
S
22
∗
)
∗
∣
S
11
∣
2
−
∣
Δ
∣
2
{C_{out}} = \frac{{{{\left( {S_{11}^{} - \Delta S_{22}^*} \right)}^*}}}{{{{\left| {S_{11}^{}} \right|}^2} - {{\left| \Delta \right|}^2}}}
Cout=∣S11∣2−∣Δ∣2(S11−ΔS22∗)∗
r
o
u
t
=
∣
S
12
S
21
∣
S
11
∣
2
−
∣
Δ
∣
2
∣
{r_{out}} = \left| {\frac{{{S_{12}}{S_{21}}}}{{{{\left| {S_{11}^{}} \right|}^2} - {{\left| \Delta \right|}^2}}}} \right|
rout=∣∣∣∣∣S11∣2−∣Δ∣2S12S21∣∣∣∣
频
率
M
H
z
500
750
1000
1250
k
∣
Δ
∣
C
i
n
r
i
n
C
o
u
t
r
o
u
t
0.41
0.69
39.04
∠
108
∘
38.62
3.56
∠
70
∘
3.03
0.60
0.56
62.21
∠
119
∘
61.60
4.12
∠
70
∘
3.44
0.81
0.45
206.23
∠
131
∘
205.42
4.36
∠
69
∘
3.54
1.02
0.37
42.42
∠
143
∘
41.40
4.24
∠
68
∘
3.22
\begin{array}{l} 频率{{\rm{MHz}}}\\ {500}\\ {750}\\ {1000}\\ {1250} \end{array}{\rm{ }}\begin{array}{l} k&{\left| \Delta \right|}&{{C_{in}}}&{{r_{in}}}&{{C_{out}}}&{{r_{out}}}\\ {0.41}&{0.69}&{39.04\angle {{108}^ \circ }}&{38.62}&{3.56\angle {{70}^ \circ }}&{3.03}\\ {0.60}&{0.56}&{62.21\angle {{119}^ \circ }}&{61.60}&{4.12\angle {{70}^ \circ }}&{3.44}\\ {0.81}&{0.45}&{206.23\angle {{131}^ \circ }}&{205.42}&{4.36\angle {{69}^ \circ }}&{3.54}\\ {1.02}&{0.37}&{42.42\angle {{143}^ \circ }}&{41.40}&{4.24\angle {{68}^ \circ }}&{3.22} \end{array}
频率MHz50075010001250k0.410.600.811.02∣Δ∣0.690.560.450.37Cin39.04∠108∘62.21∠119∘206.23∠131∘42.42∠143∘rin38.6261.60205.4241.40Cout3.56∠70∘4.12∠70∘4.36∠69∘4.24∠68∘rout3.033.443.543.22
从上表中可以看出只有在1250MHz满足绝对稳定工程条件
k
>
1
k > 1
k>1
∣
Δ
∣
<
1
\left| \Delta \right| < 1
∣Δ∣<1
红线为输入圆
蓝线为输出圆
绝对稳定工程条件
∣
S
11
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{11}}} \right| < 1
∣S11∣<1、
∣
S
22
∣
<
1
\left| {{S_{22}}} \right| < 1
∣S22∣<1
判断稳定区域
若放大器的输入信号源阻抗与输出负载阻抗相同
其S参数满足|S11|<1; |S22|<1,稳定圆图形如下,判断其稳定区域
9.1.1.3 放大器稳定措施
1、在输入输出回路中串联或并联电阻,改变等效S11或S22
2、采用局部负反馈改变S参数
各种方法各有特点,稳定性设计是一个综合问题
需根据实际情况进行权衡,选择。
9.1.2 射频放大器的功率增益
高频电路中一般将各种模块单元都作为四端网络,为了电路的通用化设计,一般规定网络的输入输出阻抗都遵循一标称值。典型的有50Ω和75Ω标准。
放大器增益有电压/电流增益等,这些增益大都包含相位参量
如果不考虑相位参量,一般用功率增益表示
放大器增益一般用实工功率比表示。
如果放大器输入输出阻抗为相等的实参量
在不考虑相位的条件下,电压增益与功率增益的值相等。
功率定义
以下公式中,假设信号为单频信号,电压,电流用峰值表示
功率用平均功率表示
1、资用功率(available power) P A {P_A} PA
指信号源或者放大器输出端能够输出的最大功率
它是信号源输出能力的表征,与负载无关
但是,如果负载上要获得这种最大的功率,负载必须与信号源内阻形成共轭匹配
Z
L
=
Z
S
∗
{Z_L} = Z_S^*
ZL=ZS∗
其资用功率可表示为:
P
A
=
1
2
R
e
{
V
i
n
I
i
n
∗
}
Z
i
n
=
Z
S
∗
=
1
2
R
e
{
V
S
Z
i
n
Z
S
+
Z
i
n
V
S
∗
(
Z
S
+
Z
i
n
)
∗
}
=
∣
V
S
∣
2
8
R
S
{P_A} = \frac{1}{2}{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} {\left\{ {{V_{in}}I_{in}^*} \right\}_{{Z_{in}} = Z_S^*}} = \frac{1}{2}{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left\{ {\frac{{{V_S}{Z_{in}}}}{{{Z_S} + {Z_{in}}}}\frac{{V_S^*}}{{{{\left( {Z_S^{} + {Z_{in}}} \right)}^*}}}} \right\} = \frac{{{{\left| {V_S^{}} \right|}^2}}}{{8{R_S}}}
PA=21Re{VinIin∗}Zin=ZS∗=21Re{ZS+ZinVSZin(ZS+Zin)∗VS∗}=8RS∣VS∣2
用特征阻抗Z0及反射系数表示为
P
A
=
∣
V
S
∣
2
8
Z
0
∣
1
−
Γ
S
∣
2
1
−
∣
Γ
S
∣
2
{P_A} = \frac{{{{\left| {V_S^{}} \right|}^2}}}{{8{Z_0}}}\frac{{{{\left| {1 - \Gamma _S^{}} \right|}^2}}}{{1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}}}
PA=8Z0∣VS∣21−∣ΓS∣2∣1−ΓS∣2
2、输入功率 P i n {P_{in}} Pin
是指放大器或网络输入端实际接收到的功率。
P
i
n
=
R
e
{
∣
V
i
n
∣
2
2
Z
i
n
∗
}
=
∣
V
i
n
∣
2
2
∣
Z
i
n
∣
2
R
e
(
Z
i
n
)
{P_{in}} = {\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left\{ {\frac{{{{\left| {V_{in}^{}} \right|}^2}}}{{2Z_{in}^*}}} \right\} = \frac{{{{\left| {V_{in}^{}} \right|}^2}}}{{2{{\left| {{Z_{in}}} \right|}^2}}}{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left( {{Z_{in}}} \right)
Pin=Re{2Zin∗∣Vin∣2}=2∣Zin∣2∣Vin∣2Re(Zin)
{
V
i
n
为
输
入
端
电
压
Z
i
n
为
输
入
端
阻
抗
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} V_{in}为输入端电压\\ {Z_{in}}为输入端阻抗 \end{array} \right.
{Vin为输入端电压Zin为输入端阻抗
3、输出功率 P o u t {P_{out}} Pout
是指信号源实际输出到负载上的功率 = 负载上消耗的功率
P
o
u
t
=
R
e
{
∣
V
o
u
t
∣
2
2
Z
L
∗
}
=
∣
V
o
u
t
∣
2
2
∣
Z
L
∣
2
R
e
(
Z
L
)
{P_{out}} = {\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left\{ {\frac{{{{\left| {V_{out}^{}} \right|}^2}}}{{2Z_L^*}}} \right\} = \frac{{{{\left| {V_{out}^{}} \right|}^2}}}{{2{{\left| {{Z_L}} \right|}^2}}}{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \left( {{Z_L}} \right)
Pout=Re{2ZL∗∣Vout∣2}=2∣ZL∣2∣Vout∣2Re(ZL)
{
V
o
u
t
为
输
出
端
电
压
Z
L
为
负
载
阻
抗
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} V_{out}为输出端电压\\ {Z_L}为负载阻抗 \end{array} \right.
{Vout为输出端电压ZL为负载阻抗
1、功率转换增益 G T G_T GT★
负载吸收功率
P
L
P_L
PL / 信号源资用功率
P
A
P_A
PA
物理意义:信号源到负载的增益,当输入匹配时获得最大值
注意:功率转换增益
G
T
G_T
GT不是放大器自身决定的
功率转换增益
G
T
G_T
GT与信号源内阻及所连接的负载有关
G
T
=
P
L
P
A
=
(
1
−
∣
Γ
S
∣
2
)
∣
S
21
∣
2
(
1
−
∣
Γ
L
∣
2
)
∣
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
∣
2
∣
1
−
Γ
S
Γ
i
n
∣
2
=
(
1
−
∣
Γ
S
∣
2
)
∣
S
21
∣
2
(
1
−
∣
Γ
L
∣
2
)
∣
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
∣
2
∣
1
−
Γ
L
Γ
o
u
t
∣
2
{G_T} = \frac{{{P_L}}}{{{P_A}}} = \frac{{\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}} \right){{\left| {{S_{21}}} \right|}^2}\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right|}^2}} \right)}}{{{{\left| {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right|}^2}{{\left| {1 - {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _{in}}} \right|}^2}}} = \frac{{\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}} \right){{\left| {{S_{21}}} \right|}^2}\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right|}^2}} \right)}}{{{{\left| {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}{{\left| {1 - {\Gamma _L}{\Gamma _{out}}} \right|}^2}}}
GT=PAPL=∣1−S22ΓL∣2∣1−ΓSΓin∣2(1−∣ΓS∣2)∣S21∣2(1−∣ΓL∣2)=∣1−S11ΓS∣2∣1−ΓLΓout∣2(1−∣ΓS∣2)∣S21∣2(1−∣ΓL∣2)
P
L
=
∣
V
S
∣
2
8
Z
0
∣
1
−
Γ
S
∣
2
∣
S
21
∣
2
(
1
−
∣
Γ
L
∣
2
)
∣
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
∣
2
∣
1
−
Γ
S
Γ
i
n
∣
2
=
∣
V
S
∣
2
8
Z
0
∣
1
−
Γ
S
∣
2
∣
S
21
∣
2
(
1
−
∣
Γ
L
∣
2
)
∣
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
∣
2
∣
1
−
Γ
L
Γ
o
u
t
∣
2
{P_L} = \frac{{{{\left| {{V_S}} \right|}^2}}}{{8{Z_0}}}\frac{{{{\left| {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}{{\left| {{S_{21}}} \right|}^2}\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right|}^2}} \right)}}{{{{\left| {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right|}^2}{{\left| {1 - {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _{in}}} \right|}^2}}} = \frac{{{{\left| {{V_S}} \right|}^2}}}{{8{Z_0}}}\frac{{{{\left| {1 - {\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}{{\left| {{S_{21}}} \right|}^2}\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right|}^2}} \right)}}{{{{\left| {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}{{\left| {1 - {\Gamma _L}{\Gamma _{out}}} \right|}^2}}}
PL=8Z0∣VS∣2∣1−S22ΓL∣2∣1−ΓSΓin∣2∣1−ΓS∣2∣S21∣2(1−∣ΓL∣2)=8Z0∣VS∣2∣1−S11ΓS∣2∣1−ΓLΓout∣2∣1−ΓS∣2∣S21∣2(1−∣ΓL∣2)
P
A
=
V
S
2
8
Z
0
∣
1
−
Γ
S
∣
2
1
−
∣
Γ
S
∣
2
{P_A} = \frac{{V_S^2}}{{8{Z_0}}}\frac{{{{\left| {1 - \Gamma _S^{}} \right|}^2}}}{{1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}}}
PA=8Z0VS21−∣ΓS∣2∣1−ΓS∣2
2、资用功率增益 G A {G_A} GA★
负载可能获得的最大功率
P
L
max
P_{L\max }
PLmax / 信号源资用功率
P
A
P_A
PA
注意:
1、负载上可能获得的最大功率
P
L
max
P_{L\max }
PLmax实际上在表述前级放大器的输出能力。也就是前级放大器输出端提供给后级的资用功率。
2、资用功率增益
G
A
{G_A}
GA和功率转换增益
G
T
G_T
GT都与信号源有关,连接不同的信号源获得的增益是不同的。
3、资用功率增益
G
A
{G_A}
GA与负载无关
G
A
=
G
T
∣
Γ
L
=
Γ
o
u
t
∗
=
P
L
max
P
A
=
(
1
−
∣
Γ
S
∣
2
)
∣
S
21
∣
2
∣
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
∣
2
(
1
−
∣
Γ
o
u
t
∣
2
)
{G_A} = {\left. {{G_T}} \right|_{{\Gamma _L} = \Gamma _{out}^*}} = \frac{{{P_{L\max }}}}{{{P_A}}} = \frac{{\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}} \right){{\left| {{S_{21}}} \right|}^2}}}{{{{\left| {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right|}^2}\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _{out}}} \right|}^2}} \right)}}
GA=GT∣ΓL=Γout∗=PAPLmax=∣1−S11ΓS∣2(1−∣Γout∣2)(1−∣ΓS∣2)∣S21∣2
3、工作功率增益 G P {G_P} GP★
负载获得的功率
P
L
P_L
PL / 放大器输入端获得的功率
P
i
n
P_{in}
Pin = 放大器输出功率 / 输入功率
注意:
工作功率增益
G
P
{G_P}
GP与信号源无关
工作功率增益
G
P
{G_P}
GP与所接的负载有关。
当信号源与输入阻抗匹配时,放大器输入端获得信号源的资用功率,而工作增益不变。因此通常假定在输入匹配的条件下研究工作增益。
G
P
=
P
L
P
i
n
=
P
L
P
A
P
A
P
i
n
=
G
T
P
A
P
i
n
=
∣
S
21
∣
2
(
1
−
∣
Γ
L
∣
2
)
∣
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
∣
2
(
1
−
∣
Γ
i
n
∣
2
)
{G_P} = \frac{{{P_L}}}{{{P_{in}}}} = \frac{{{P_L}}}{{{P_A}}}\frac{{{P_A}}}{{{P_{in}}}} = {G_T}\frac{{{P_A}}}{{{P_{in}}}} = \frac{{{{\left| {{S_{21}}} \right|}^2}\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _L}} \right|}^2}} \right)}}{{{{\left| {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right|}^2}\left( {1 - {{\left| {{\Gamma _{in}}} \right|}^2}} \right)}}
GP=PinPL=PAPLPinPA=GTPinPA=∣1−S22ΓL∣2(1−∣Γin∣2)∣S21∣2(1−∣ΓL∣2)
三种功率增益定义的关系★★
信号源 | 负载 | |
---|---|---|
功率转换增益 G T = P L P A {G_T} = \frac{{{P_L}}}{{{P_A}}} GT=PAPL | 有关 | 有关 |
资用功率增益 G A = G T ∥ Γ L = Γ o u t ∗ = P L max P A {G_A} = {\left. {{G_T}} \right\|_{{\Gamma _L} = \Gamma _{out}^*}} = \frac{{{P_{L\max }}}}{{{P_A}}} GA=GT∥ΓL=Γout∗=PAPLmax | 有关 | 无关 |
工作功率增益 G P = P L P i n {G_P} = \frac{{{P_L}}}{{{P_{in}}}} GP=PinPL | 无关 | 有关 |
当输入匹配时
P
i
n
=
P
A
⇒
G
T
=
G
P
{P_{in}} = {P_A}\Rightarrow {G_T} = {G_P}
Pin=PA⇒GT=GP
当输出匹配时
P
L
=
P
L
max
⇒
G
T
=
G
A
{P_L} = {P_{L\max }}\Rightarrow {G_T} = {G_A}
PL=PLmax⇒GT=GA
当输入输出都匹配时
G
T
=
G
A
=
G
P
{G_T} = {G_A} = {G_P}
GT=GA=GP
注意:三种功率增益都与
Z
S
Z_S
ZS和
Z
L
Z_L
ZL有关
射频放大器的设计
通常的工程环境是给定信号源特征,PA及ZS,给定负载阻抗ZL,设计放大器,使负载上的信号功率达到技术指标要求。即GT的设计。
最大增益设计(输入输出端共轭匹配)
Γ
S
∗
=
Γ
i
n
=
S
11
−
Δ
Γ
L
1
−
S
22
Γ
L
{\Gamma _{\rm{S}}}^ * = {\Gamma _{{\mathop{\rm in}\nolimits} }} = \frac{{{S_{11}} - \Delta {\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}
ΓS∗=Γin=1−S22ΓLS11−ΔΓL
Γ
L
∗
=
Γ
o
u
t
=
S
22
−
Δ
Γ
S
1
−
S
11
Γ
S
{\Gamma _{\rm{L}}}^ * = {\Gamma _{out}} = \frac{{{S_{22}} - \Delta {\Gamma _S}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}}}
ΓL∗=Γout=1−S11ΓSS22−ΔΓS
A = S 22 ∗ Δ − S 11 B = 1 + ∣ S 11 ∣ 2 − ∣ S 22 ∣ 2 − ∣ Δ ∣ 2 C = S 11 ∗ − Δ ∗ S 22 = − ( S 22 ∗ Δ − S 11 ) ∗ = − A 1 ∗ B 2 − 4 A C = B 2 + 4 ∣ A ∣ 2 ≥ 0 A = S_{22}^*\Delta - {S_{11}}\\ B = 1 + {\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|^2} - {\left| {{S_{22}}} \right|^2} - {\left| \Delta \right|^2}{\rm{ }}\\ C = S_{11}^* - \Delta _{}^*{S_{22}} = - {\left( {S_{22}^*\Delta - {S_{11}}} \right)^*} = - A_1^*\\ B_{}^2 - 4AC = B_{}^2 + 4{\left| {{A_{}}} \right|^2} \ge 0 A=S22∗Δ−S11B=1+∣S11∣2−∣S22∣2−∣Δ∣2C=S11∗−Δ∗S22=−(S22∗Δ−S11)∗=−A1∗B2−4AC=B2+4∣A∣2≥0
B 1 = 1 + ∣ S 11 ∣ 2 − ∣ S 22 ∣ 2 − ∣ Δ ∣ 2 = B C 1 = S 11 − Δ S 22 ∗ = − A {B_1} = 1 + {\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|^2} - {\left| {{S_{22}}} \right|^2} - {\left| \Delta \right|^2} = B\\ {C_1} = {S_{11}} - \Delta S_{22}^* = - A B1=1+∣S11∣2−∣S22∣2−∣Δ∣2=BC1=S11−ΔS22∗=−A
Γ S = − B ± B 2 + 4 ∣ A ∣ 2 2 A = B 1 ± B 1 2 + 4 ∣ C 1 ∣ 2 2 C 1 {\Gamma _S}=\frac{{ - {B_{}} \pm \sqrt {B_{}^2 + 4{{\left| {{A_{}}} \right|}^2}} }}{{2{A_{}}}} = \frac{{{B_1} \pm \sqrt {B_1^2 + 4{{\left| {{C_1}} \right|}^2}} }}{{2{C_1}}} ΓS=2A−B±B2+4∣A∣2=2C1B1±B12+4∣C1∣2
Γ
L
=
B
2
±
B
2
2
+
4
∣
C
2
∣
2
2
C
2
{\Gamma _L}{\rm{ = }}\frac{{{B_2} \pm \sqrt {B_2^2 + 4{{\left| {{C_2}} \right|}^2}} }}{{2{C_2}}}
ΓL=2C2B2±B22+4∣C2∣2
B
2
=
1
+
∣
S
22
∣
2
−
∣
S
11
∣
2
−
∣
Δ
∣
2
{B_2} = 1 + {\left| {{S_{22}}} \right|^2} - {\left| {{S_{11}}} \right|^2} - {\left| \Delta \right|^2}{\rm{ }}
B2=1+∣S22∣2−∣S11∣2−∣Δ∣2
C
2
=
S
22
−
Δ
S
11
∗
{C_2} = {S_{22}} - \Delta S_{11}^*
C2=S22−ΔS11∗
a 1 b s = 1 − S 22 Γ L 1 − S 11 Γ S − S 22 Γ L + Γ S Γ L ( S 11 S 22 − S 12 S 21 ) = 1 1 − Γ S Γ i n \frac{{{a_1}}}{{{b_s}}} = \frac{{1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S} - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L} + {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L}\left( {{S_{11}}{S_{22}} - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right)}} = \frac{1}{{1 - {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _{in}}}} bsa1=1−S11ΓS−S22ΓL+ΓSΓL(S11S22−S12S21)1−S22ΓL=1−ΓSΓin1
b 1 b S = S 11 ( 1 − S 22 Γ L ) + S 12 Γ L S 21 1 − S 11 Γ S − S 22 Γ L + Γ S Γ L ( S 11 S 22 − S 12 S 21 ) = Γ i n 1 − Γ S Γ i n \frac{{{b_1}}}{{{b_S}}} = \frac{{{S_{11}}\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right) + {S_{12}}{\Gamma _L}{S_{21}}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S} - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L} + {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L}\left( {{S_{11}}{S_{22}} - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right)}} = \frac{{{\Gamma _{in}}}}{{1 - {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _{in}}}} bSb1=1−S11ΓS−S22ΓL+ΓSΓL(S11S22−S12S21)S11(1−S22ΓL)+S12ΓLS21=1−ΓSΓinΓin
b o u t b S = S 21 1 − S 11 Γ S − S 22 Γ L + Γ S Γ L ( S 11 S 22 − S 12 S 21 ) = S 21 ( 1 − S 11 Γ S ) ( 1 − Γ L Γ o u t ) = S 21 ( 1 − S 22 Γ L ) ( 1 − Γ S Γ i n ) \frac{{{b_{out}}}}{{{b_S}}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}}}{{1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S} - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L} + {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _L}\left( {{S_{11}}{S_{22}} - {S_{12}}{S_{21}}} \right)}}\\ = \frac{{{S_{21}}}}{{\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _L}{\Gamma _{out}}} \right)}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}}}{{\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _{in}}} \right)}} bSbout=1−S11ΓS−S22ΓL+ΓSΓL(S11S22−S12S21)S21=(1−S11ΓS)(1−ΓLΓout)S21=(1−S22ΓL)(1−ΓSΓin)S21
b 2 b S = Γ L b o u t b S = S 21 Γ L ( 1 − S 11 Γ S ) ( 1 − Γ L Γ o u t ) = S 21 Γ L ( 1 − S 22 Γ L ) ( 1 − Γ S Γ i n ) \frac{{{b_2}}}{{{b_S}}} = \frac{{{\Gamma _L}{b_{out}}}}{{{b_S}}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{\left( {1 - {S_{11}}{\Gamma _S}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _L}{\Gamma _{out}}} \right)}} = \frac{{{S_{21}}{\Gamma _L}}}{{\left( {1 - {S_{22}}{\Gamma _L}} \right)\left( {1 - {\Gamma _S}{\Gamma _{in}}} \right)}} bSb2=bSΓLbout=(1−S11ΓS)(1−ΓLΓout)S21ΓL=(1−S22ΓL)(1−ΓSΓin)S21ΓL
作业
《射频电路设计——理论与应用》
第九章 9.4,9.29, 9.30