索引
- 前言
- 例题1:求解三次同余式 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + 2 x + 26 ≡ 0 m o d 343 f\left( x \right)={ {x}^{3}}+{ {x}^{2}}+2x+26\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 343 f(x)=x3+x2+2x+26≡0 mod343
- 例题2:求解二次同余式 f ( x ) = x 2 + x + 34 ≡ 0 m o d 81 f(x)={ {x}^{2}}+x+34\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 81 f(x)=x2+x+34≡0 mod81
- 例题3:求解三次同余式 f ( x ) = 5 x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 ≡ 0 m o d 64 f\left( x \right)=5{ {x}^{3}}+{ {x}^{2}}+x+1\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 64 f(x)=5x3+x2+x+1≡0 mod64
- 例题4:求解四次同余式 f ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x + 36 ≡ 0 m o d 4375 f\left( x \right)={ {x}^{4}}+2x+36\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 4375 f(x)=x4+2x+36≡0 mod4375
前言
关于Hensel引理的具体内容,详见博文《高次同余式的解数和解法》。
例题1:求解三次同余式 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + 2 x + 26 ≡ 0 m o d 343 f\left( x \right)={ {x}^{3}}+{ {x}^{2}}+2x+26\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 343 f(x)=x3+x2+2x+26≡0 mod343
解
f ′ ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 2 , 343 = 7 3 f'\left( x \right)=3{
{x}^{2}}+2x+2,\text{ }343={
{7}^{3}} f′(x)=3x2+2x+2, 343=73
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求解 f ( x ) ≡ 0 m o d 7 f\left( x \right)\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 7 f(x)≡0 mod7
使用穷举法如下。
x m o d 7 − 3 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 3 f ( x ) m o d 7 2 18 ≡ − 3 24 ≡ 3 26 ≡ − 2 30 ≡ 2 42 ≡ 0 68 ≡ − 2 \begin{matrix} x\text{ }\bmod 7 & -3 & -2 & -1 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\ f\left( x \right)\text{ }\bmod 7 & 2 & 18\equiv -3 & 24\equiv 3 & 26\equiv -2 & 30\equiv 2 & 42\equiv 0 & 68\equiv -2 \\ \end{matrix} x mod7f(x) mod7−32−218≡−3−124≡3026≡−2130≡2242≡0368≡−2
因此解为 x ≡ 2 m o d 7 x\equiv 2\text{ }\bmod 7 x≡2 mod7。 -
求解 f ( x ) ≡ 0 m o d 7 2 = 49 f\left( x \right)\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 7^2=49 f(x)≡0 mod72=49
f ′ ( 2 ) = 18 ≡ 4 ≡ 0 m o d 7 f ( 2 ) = 42 ≡ − 7 m o d 49 \begin{aligned} & f'\left( 2 \right)=18\equiv 4\cancel{\equiv }0\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ & f\left( 2 \right)=42\equiv -7 \text{ } \bmod 49 \\ \end{aligned} f′(2)=18≡4≡ 0 mod7f(2)=42≡−7 mod49
根据Hensel引理2-ii), ∃ ! t 1 ∈ { 0 , 1 , ⋯ , 6 } \exists !{ {t}_{1}}\in \left\{ 0,1,\cdots ,6 \right\} ∃!t1∈{ 0,1,⋯,6},使得 x ≡ 2 + 7 t 1 m o d 49 x\equiv 2+7{ {t}_{1}}\text{ }\bmod 49 x≡2+7t1 mod49是该方程的唯一解。求解
f ( 2 ) 7 + f ′ ( 2 ) t 1 ≡ − 1 + 4 t 1 ≡ 0 m o d 7 ⇒ 4 t 1 ≡ 1 ≡ 1 + 7 = 8 m o d 7 ⇒ t 1 ≡ 2 m o d 7 \begin{aligned} & \text{ }\frac{f\left( 2 \right)}{7}+f'\left( 2 \right){ {t}_{1}}\equiv -1+4{ {t}_{1}}\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ & \Rightarrow 4{ {t}_{1}}\equiv 1\equiv 1+7=8\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ & \Rightarrow { {t}_{1}}\equiv 2\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ \end{aligned} 7f(2)+f′(2)t1≡−1+4t1≡0 mod7⇒4t1≡1≡1+7=8 mod7⇒t1≡2 mod7
故 f ( x ) ≡ 0 m o d 49 f\left( x \right)\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 49 f(x)≡0 mod49的解为
x ≡ 2 + 7 t 1 = 2 + 7 × ( 7 k + 2 ) ≡ 16 m o d 49 ( ∀ k ) x\equiv 2+7{ {t}_{1}}=2+7\times \left( 7k+2 \right)\equiv 16\text{ }\bmod 49\text{ }\left( \forall k \right) x≡2+7t1=2+7×(7k+2)≡16 mod49 (∀k) -
求解 f ( x ) ≡ 0 m o d 7 3 = 343 f\left( x \right)\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 7^3=343 f(x)≡0 mod73=343
f ′ ( 16 ) = 3 × 16 2 + 2 × 16 + 2 ≡ 3 × 2 2 + 2 × 2 + 2 = 18 ≡ 4 ≡ 0 m o d 7 f ( 16 ) = 16 3 + 16 2 + 2 × 16 + 26 = 4410 ≡ − 49 m o d 343 \begin{aligned} & f'\left( 16 \right)=3\times { {16}^{2}}+2\times 16+2\equiv 3\times { {2}^{2}}+2\times 2+2=18\equiv 4\cancel{\equiv }\text{0 }\bmod 7 \\ & f\left( 16 \right)={ {16}^{3}}+{ {16}^{2}}+2\times 16+26=4410\equiv -49\text{ }\bmod 343 \\ \end{aligned} f′(16)=3×162+2×16+2≡3×22+2×2+2=18≡4≡ 0 mod7f(16)=163+162+2×16+26=4410≡−49 mod343
根据Hensel引理2-ii), ∃ ! t 2 ∈ { 0 , 1 , ⋯ , 6 } \exists !{ {t}_{2}}\in \left\{ 0,1,\cdots ,6 \right\} ∃!t2∈{ 0,1,⋯,6},使得 x = 16 + 49 t 2 m o d 343 x=16+49{ {t}_{2}}\text{ }\bmod 343 x=16+49t2 mod343是该方程的唯一解。求解
f ( 16 ) 49 + f ′ ( 16 ) t 2 ≡ 0 m o d 7 ⇔ − 1 + 18 t 2 = − 1 + 4 t 2 ≡ 0 m o d 7 ⇔ 4 t 2 ≡ 1 ≡ 1 + 7 = 8 m o d 7 ⇔ t 2 ≡ 2 m o d 7 \begin{aligned} & \text{ }\frac{f\left( 16 \right)}{49}+f'\left( 16 \right){ {t}_{2}}\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ & \Leftrightarrow -1+18{ {t}_{2}}=-1+4{ {t}_{2}}\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ & \Leftrightarrow 4{ {t}_{2}}\equiv 1\equiv 1+7=8\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ & \Leftrightarrow { {t}_{2}}\equiv 2\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ \end{aligned} 49f(16)+f′(16)t2≡0 mod7⇔−1+18t2=−1+4t2≡0 mod7⇔4t2≡1≡1+7=8 mod7⇔t2≡2 mod7
故 f ( x ) ≡ 0 m o d 343 f\left( x \right)\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 343 f(x)≡0 mod343的解为
x ≡ 16 + 49 t 2 ≡ 114 m o d 343 x\equiv 16+49{ {t}_{2}}\equiv 114\text{ }\bmod 343 x≡16+49t2≡114 mod343
例题2:求解二次同余式 f ( x ) = x 2 + x + 34 ≡ 0 m o d 81 f(x)={ {x}^{2}}+x+34\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 81 f(x)=x2+x+34≡0 mod81
解
f ′ ( x ) = 2 x + 1 , 81 = 3 4 f'\left( x \right)=2x+1,\text{ }81={
{3}^{4}} f′(x)=2x+1, 81=34
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求解 f ( x ) ≡ 0 m o d 3 f\left( x \right)\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 3 f(x)≡0 mod3
使用穷举法得到如下结果。
x m o d 3 − 1 0 1 f ( x ) m o d 3 34 ≡ 1 34 ≡ 1 36 ≡ 0 \begin{matrix} x\text{ }\bmod 3 & -1 & 0 & 1 \\ f\left( x \right)\text{ }\bmod 3 & 34\equiv 1 & 34\equiv 1 & 36\equiv 0 \\ \end{matrix} x mod3f(x) mod3−134≡1034≡1136≡0
因此解为 x ≡ 1 m o d 3 x\equiv 1\text{ }\bmod 3 x≡1 mod3。 -
求解 f ( x ) ≡ 0 m o d 3 2 = 9 f\left( x \right)\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 3^2=9 f(x)≡0 mod32=9
f ′ ( 1 )